Characterization of benign papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in the Iraqi women
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/k9x67z73Keywords:
Papillary thyroid carcinoma, thyroid cancer, Malignancy, ThyroidectomyAbstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a tumor malignancy observed commonly in the endocrine gland, comprises 75-85% of thyroid cancers. It predominately found in female; it is almost 2-3-fold higher than in male. The tumors in PTC are biologically lethargic and have exceptional prognosis. PTC is largely characterized by the presence of small or large thyroid nodules approximately having a maximum diameter of 10mm and detected in patients with benign thyroid goiter. Total thyroidectomy was preferred to treat PTC as it allows the correct risk assessment of the present tumor, depend on its size and provide safety to remove complete tissue with malignancy. The aim of the study is to characterize the benign PTC in Iraqi women. The study population consisted 6 patients with pathologically confirmed having papillary carcinoma (PTC). This study conducted in Al - Shafa hospital, Diyala, Iraq between January 2018 to January 2020. Seven female patients were recruited in the study aged between 20 to 60 years. Total thyroidectomy was performed after taking written consent for excision of lymph node. Present study was conducted on patients having palpable nodular swelling on their neck, while all the cases shown big thyroid nodule at the anterior side. women were included in the study, having minimum age of 20 years and maximum of 50 years. Total mean age recorded was 35 years. It suggests that, PTC was incident mainly in the middle age of adult life in women. Abnormal levels of thyroid hormones were detected. Total thyroidectomy was performed as a first line of treatment where benign single thyroid nodules were observed in histopathology analysis. Thus, Despite the increase in incidences of PTC, total thyroidectomy increases the survival rate and decrease the recurrence rate in studied cases. While its etiopathology is complex, further investigation is required so that it can be translated in clinical applications for diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Downloads
References
[1] Jemal A., Siegel R., Ward E., Hao Y., Xu J., Murray T., Thun MJ. Cancer statistics. CA Cancer Journal for
Clinicians. 2008; 58:71–96.
[2] Enewold L., Zhu K., Ron E., Morrogi AJ., Stojadinovic A., Peoples GE., Devesa SS. Rising thyroid cancer
incidence in the United States by demographic and tumor characteristics. Cancer Epiodemiology, Biomarkers and
Prevention 2009;18:784–791.
[3] Zhu Z., Gandhi M., Nikiforova MN., Fischer AH., Nikiforova YE. Molecular Profile and Clinical Pathological
Features of the Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Anatomic Pathology. 2003; 120:71-77.
[4] Chowdhury SR., Khan Y., Kamal Y., Kamal AH., Talkder AH. Evaluation of the Outcome of patient with
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma with Surgical Intervention. Chattagram Maa-o-Shishu Hospital Medical College
Journal. 2016; 15(2): 52-56.
[5] Hemminki K., Eng C., Chen B. Familial risks for nonmedullary thyroid cancer. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology
and Metabolism. 2005; 90:5747–5753.
[6] Al-Brahim N., Asa SL. Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Resident Short Reviews. Archives of Pathology and
laboratory Medicine. 2006; 130:1057-1062.
[7] LiVolsi VA. Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: an update. Modern Pathology. 2011; 24:1-9.
[8] Mazzaferri EL., Massoll N. Management of Papillary and Follicular (differentiated) Thyroid Cancer: new
Paradigms using Recombinant Human Thyrotropin. Endocrine Related Cancer. 2002; 9:227–247.
[9] Gu WJ., Yan H., Luo Y., Wang F., Yang G., Guo Q., Jin N., Zang L., Chen K., Du J., Wang X., Yang L., Ba J.,
Dou J., Mu Y., Pan C., Lv Z. Characterization of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinomas Using Sonographic Features
in Malignant Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Retrospective Analysis. Medicine. 2015; 94(21):1-6.
[10] Yoon JH., Kwak JY., Moon HJ., Kim MJ., Kim EK. The Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasound-guided Fine-needle
Aspiration Biopsy and the Sonographic differences between Benign and Malignant Thyroid Nodules 3 cm or
larger. Thyroid. 2011; 21:993–1000.
[11] Datta RV., Petrelli NJ., Ramzy J. Evaluation and management of incidentally discovered thyroid nodules. Surgical
Oncology. 2006; 15:33–42.
[12] Eng CY., Quraishi MS., Bradley PJ. Management of thyroid nodules in adult patients. Head and Neck Oncology.
2010; 2:11.
[13] Hoang JK., Lee WK., Lee M., Johnson D., Farrell S. US features of Thyroid Malignancy: Pearls and Pitfalls.
Radio Graphics. 2007; 27:847–865.
[14] Lloyd RV., Buehler D. Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Variants. Head and Neck Pathology. 2011; 5:51-56.
[15] Gharib H., Papini E., Paschke R., Duick DS., Valcavi R., Hegedus L., Vitti P. American Association of Clinical
Endocrinologists, Associazione Medici Endocrinologi, and European Thyroid Association medical guidelines for
clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.
2010; 33(5):1-50.
[16] Davies L., Welch H. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States. 1973-2002. Journal of the
American Medical Association. 2006; 295:2164–2167.
[17] Ortega J., Sala C., Flor B., Lledo S. Efficacy and cost–effectiveness of the UltraCision harmonic scalpel in thyroid
surgery: an analysis of 200 cases in a randomized trial. Journal of Laparoendoscopic and Advanced Surgical
Techniques. 2004; 14:9–12.
[18] Liu TR., Xiao ZW., Xu HN., Long Z., Wei FQ., Zhuang SM., Sun XM., Xie LN., Mu JS., Yang AK., Zhang GP.,
Fan Y. Treatment and prognosis of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: A clinical study of 50 cases. PloS One. 2016;
11(10): e0164840.
[19] Rahbari R., Zhang L., Kebebew E. Thyroid Cancer Gender Disparity. Future Oncology. 2010; 6(11): 1771-1779.
[20] Chen AY., Jemal A., Ward EM. Increasing incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer in the United States. Cancer.
2009; 115:3801–3807.
[21] Brindel P., Doyon F., Rachedi F., Boissin JL., Sebbag J., Shan L., Chungue V., Sun L., Bost Bezeaud F.,
Petitdidier P., Paoaafaite J., Teuri J., Vathaire F. Menstrual and reproductive factors in the risk of differentiated
thyroid carcinoma in native women in French Polynesia: a population-based case–control study. American Journal
of Epidemiology. 2008; 167:219–229.
[22] Kilfoy BA., Devesa SS., Ward MH., Zhang Y., Rosenberg PS., Holford TR., Anderson WF. Gender is an agespecific effect modifier for papillary cancers of the thyroid gland. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and
Prevention. 2009; 18:1092–1100.
[23] Gilliland FD., Hunt WC., Morris DM., Key CR. Prognostic factors for thyroid carcinoma. A population-based
study of 15,698 cases from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program 1973–1991. Cancer.
1997; 79:564–573.
[24] Brown RL., De Souza JA., Cohen EE. Thyroid Cancer: Burden of Illness and Management of Disease. Journal of
Cancer. 2011; 2:193-199.
[25] Mazzaferri EL. Long-term outcome of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: effect of therapy. Endocrine
Practice. 2000; 6:469–476.
[26] Mazzaferri EL., Massoll N. Management of papillary and follicular (differentiated) thyroid cancer: New paradigms
using recombinant human thyrotropin. Endocrine Related Cancer. 2002; 9:227-47.
[27] Abdullah MI., Junit SM., Ng KL., Jayapalan JJ., Karikalan B., Hashim OH. Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Genetic
Alterations and Molecular Biomarker Investigations. International Journal of Medical Sciences. 2019; 16:450-461.
[28] Constantinides V., Pallazzo F. Goitre and thyroid cancer. Medicine. 2013; 41:546-50.
[29] Lee CC AM., Junit SM., Ng KL., Wong SY., Ramli NSF., Hashim OH. Malignant transformation of benign
thyroid nodule is caused by prolonged H2O2 insult that interfered with the STAT3 pathway? International Journal
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2016; 9:18601-18617.
[30] Alevizaki M, Papageorgiou G, Rentziou G, Saltiki K, Marafelia P, Loukari E., Koutras DA., Dimopoulos MA.
Increasing prevalence of papillary thyroid carcinoma in recent years in Greece: The majority are incidental.
Thyroid. 2009; 19:749-754.
[31] Pazaitou-Panayiotou K., Michalakis K., Paschke R. Thyroid cancer in patients with hyperthyroidism. Hormone
and Metabolic Research. 2012; 44:255-262.
[32] Nguyen QT., Lee EJ., Huang MG., Park YI., Khullar A., Plodkowski RA. Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients
with Thyroid Cancer. Americal Health and Drug Benefits. 2015; 8(1):30-41.
[33] Cooper DS., Doherty GM., Haugen BR., Kloos RT., Lee SL., Mandel SJ., Mazzaferri EL., Mclver B., Pacini F.,
Schlumnerger M., Sherman SI., Steward DL., Tuttle RM. for the American Thyroid Association (ATA) Guidelines
Taskforce on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Revised American Thyroid Association
Management Guidelines for Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: the American
Thyroid Association (ATA) Guidelines Taskforce on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.
Thyroid. 2009;19:1167-1214. Errata in: Thyroid. 2010;20:674-675; Thyroid. 2010;20:942.
[34] Schlumberger MJ. Papillaru Thyroid Carcinoma. Orphanet encuclopedia. 2004.
[35] Lucchini R., Monacelli M., Santoprete S., Triola R., Conti C., Pecoriello R., Favoriti P., Patrizi MS., Balillaro I.,
Baccolini A., Avenia S., D’Ajello M., Sanguinetti A., Avenia N. Differentiated thyroid tumors: surgical
indications. Giornale di Chirurgia. 2013; 34:153-157.
[36] Belfiore A., La Rosa GL., La Porta GA., Giuffrida D., Milazzo G., Lupo L., Regalbuto C., Vigneri R. Cancer risk
in patients with cold thyroid nodules: relevance of iodine intake, sex, age, and multinodularity. American Journal
of Medicine. 1992; 93:363-369.
[37] Barroeta JE., Wang H., Shiina N., Gupta PK., Livolsi VA., Baloch ZW. Is fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of
multiple thyroid nodules justified? Id1 Endocrine Pathology. 2006; 17:61-65.
[38] Finley DJ., Zhu B., Barden CB., Fahey TJ. Discrimination of Benign and Malignant Thyroid Nodules by
Molecular Profiling. Annals of Surgery. 2004; 240(3):425-438.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 AUTHOR
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
