Parent-Child Attachment as A Correlate of Social Skills and Academic Self-Efficacy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/a9ee4n74Keywords:
Academic self-efficacy, social skills, gender and parent-child attachmentAbstract
Background: Parent-child attachment is the deep and enduring bond between an infant and his or her caregiver, expressing in attachment behaviors.
Objective: To ascertain the relationship between parent-child attachment, social skills and academic self-efficacy among university undergraduates in the South-east, Nigeria.
Methods: A mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative methods) research design was used. An interview schedule and a well-structured questionnaire were administered to a sample of 292 undergraduates. Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 25 was used for data analysis. Multi-stage sampling techniques were used to draw 292 undergraduates using the following instruments: parent-child attachment questionnaire (14), academic self-efficacy scale (23) and social skills questionnaire (28). The reliability of the instruments was established to ascertain the internal consistency using Cronbach Alpha which yielded 0.82, 0.77 and 0.89 respectively. Copies of the questionnaires were administered to the respondents by the researchers with the help of research assistants. The data collected from research objectives were analyzed using Pearson’s Product Moment correlation coefficient statistics (r) mean and standard deviation, while the null hypotheses were tested using probability value and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at 0.05 level of significance.
Results: The result reveals that parent-child attachment has a positive high relationship with self-efficacy (r=.623) and social skills (r=.776). Gender of students is not a significant moderator of their relationship between social skills and parent-child attachment (gender- F2, 289=2.036, p=.132 >.05 & F2, 289=1.178, p=.309 >.05). Students’ gender is not a significant moderator of their relationship between self-efficacy and parent-child attachment (gender- F2, 289=1.669, p=.190 >.05 & F2, 289=1.378, p=.254 >.05).
Downloads
References
Ackerman, C.E (2018). What is attachment theory? Bowlby’s 4 stages explained.
https://positivepsychology.com/attachment-theory/
Adimora, D. E, Akaneme, I. N. & Nwokenna, E. N. Academic Procrastination as Predictor of Mathematics
Anxiety of Pupils in Enugu State, Nigeria. New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and
Social Sciences 2017; 03, 338-346. www.prosoc.eu.
Arbona. C. & Power, T.G. (2003) Parental attachment, self-esteem, and antisocial behaviors among African
American, European American, and Mexican American adolescents. Journal of Counseling
Psychology 50 (1):40-51. DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.50.1.40.
(Augoye, J, 2021). Premium times Group wants guidance, counselling units revitalized in Nigerian
Baby Sparks (2019) Infant-Parent Attachment: The Four Types & Why They Matter.
https://babysparks.com/2019/06/18/infant-parent-attachment-the-four-types-why-they-matter/
Bandura, A. (2008). social cognitive theory. annual agentive perspective. Annual review of psychology: 5 (2)15-21.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment. Attachment and loss. London: Hogarth. ISBN 0-465-00543-8.
Brown, L.S & Wright. J (2001) Attachment Theory in Adolescence and its Relevance to Developmental
Psychopathology. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 8 (1):15 – 32. DOI: 10.1002/cpp.274
Buist, K.l, Dekovic, M. Meeus, W. & Van Aken, M.A.G (2002). Developmental patterns in adolescent
attachment to mother father and siblings- Journal of youth and adolescence, 31 (3), 167-176
Burns, A., & Dunlop, R. (2002). Parental marital quality and family conflict: Longitudinal effects of
adolescents from divorcing and non-divorcing families. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 37, 57-
74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J087v37n01_04.
Calvin, E (2009) The Impact of a Student's Lack of Social Skills on their Academic Skills in High School.
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED529283.pdf.
Carlson, E.A., Sampson, M.C., & Scroufe, L.A. (2003). Implications of attachment theory and research for
developmental behavioural pediatrics. Developmental and Behavioural pediatrics, 5, 364-379.
Copyright # 2003 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
Cartledge. G and Milburn, J.F (1978) The Case for Teaching Social Skills in the Classroom: A Review.
Review of Educational Research 48, (1) 133-156.
Carver (2013). Measurement Instrument Database for the Social Science. www.midss.ie
Coleman, P. (2003). Perceptions of parent-child attachment, social self-efficacy and peer relationships in
middle childhood. Infant and Child Development, 12, 351–368.10.1002/(ISSN)1522-7219
Collins, K. A., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2008). What are the active ingredients in preventative interventions for
depression? Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 15, 313-330.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2008.00143.x
Engels, R. C. M. E., Finkenauer, C., Meeus, W. H. J. & Dekovic, M. (2001). Parental attachment and
adolescents’ emotional adjustment: the associations with social skills and relational competence.
Journal of Counselling Psychology, 48 (4): 428 – 439.
Gresham, F.& Elliot, S. (2008). Social skills improvement system: Rating scales manual. Minneapolis, MP:
Pearson Assessments.
Hazen, E; Schlozman, S. C & Beresin, E.V (2008) Adolescent Psychological Development: A Review.
Pediatrics in Review 29, (5):161-7; quiz 168. DOI: 10.1542/pir.29-5-161.
Jinks, J., & Morgan, V. (1999). Children ´s Perceived Academic Self-Efficacy: An Inventory Scale. The
Clearing House, 72(4), 224-230.
Korgan, C., Durdella, N., & Stevens, M. (2013). The development of academic self-efficacy among firstyear college students in a comprehensive public university. Higher Education in Review, 10, 11-37
(16) (PDF) The Development of Academic Self-Efficacy among First-Year College Students in a Comprehensive Public University.
Kuran (2019) The ISSN: 2249-2496. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences. http://www.ijmra.us.
Liberman, R. P., & Kopelowicz, A. (2005). Recovery from schizophrenia: A concept in search of research. Psychiatry Services, 56, 735-742.
Mangvwat, C. Gender difference in cognition: A function of maturation role. Science, 2006; 193 (190), 157-
163.
Mbatha, S, (2015). The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy, Motivation, and Academic Performance among
Students from Various Gender and Generational Groups.
Scholar.ufs.ac.za:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11660/4592/MbathaS.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
McGrew, K. (2008). Beyond IQ: A Model of Academic Competence & Motivation (MACM). Retrieved
from http://www.iapsych.com/acmcewok/Preface.READFIRST.html.
Merino, A, Jooste, S; Vermeulen, K. (2019) Developing non-cognitive skills in part-time students at a South
African university: Overcoming negativity and supporting behavioural change. South African Journal
of Higher Education. DOI: 10.20853/33-6-2969.
Newman, K, Harrison, L. Dashiff, C & Davies, S. (2008). Relationships between parenting styles and risk
behaviours in adolescent health: an integrative literature review. Latino-Am. Enfermagem 16 (1), 23.
Njoku, E. O. & Ekeh, P. U. (2018). Attachment patterns as predictors of academic self-efficacy among
secondary school studentsin Rivers State. African Journal of Educational Research and
Development (AJERD), 11 (1): September, 2018.
Nwana, H. S. (1990). "Intelligent tutoring systems: An overview". Artificial Intelligence Review, 4: 251–
277. doi:10.1007/bf0016895.
Okeke, N. U. & Anierobi, E. I. (2020). The relationship between parental attachment and aggressive
behaviours of in-school adolescents in Anambra State, Nigeria. Journal of Guidance and Counselling
Studies, 4 (1): 338 – 351.
O’Shaughnessy, R., & Dallos, R. (2009). Attachment research and eating disorders: A review of the
literature. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 14 (4), 559–574. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104509339082.
Pakaslahti, L; Keltikangas-Järvinen, K.L (2001) Relationships between adolescent prosocial problemsolving strategies, prosocial behaviour, and social acceptance. International Journal of Behavioral
Development 26 (2):137-144. DOI: 10.1080/01650250042000681.
Ppalia, D.E; Olds, S & Feldman, R (2000). Human Development. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2000 -
708 pages.
https://books.google.com.ng/books/about/Human_Development.html?id=OmgTQAAACAAJ&redir_e
sc=y
Rosen, J.A; Glennie, E.J; Dalton, B.W; Lennon, J.M & Bozick, R.N (2010). Noncognitive Skills in the
Classroom: New Perspectives on Educational Research. RTI Press publication No. BK-0004-1009.
Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International. http://www.rti.org/rtipress.
Sharma, H.L & Nasa, G (2014) Academic Self-Efficacy: A Reliable Predictor of Educational Performances.
British Journal of Education 2, (3) 57-64.
Segrin, C., Taylor, M., & Altman, J. (2005). Social cognitive mediators and relational outcomes associated
with parental divorce. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, (3), 361-377.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407505052441.
Steinberg L., Elmen J. D., Mounts N. S. (1989). Authoritative parenting, psychosocial maturity, and
academic success among adolescents. Child Dev. 60, 1424-1436. 10.2307/1130932 [PubMed]
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
Tavakoblizadeh, J. Tabari, J., & Akbari, A. (2015). Academic self-efficacy as a predictive role of attachment
styles and meta-cognition skills. Social and Behavioural Sciences, 171: 113 -120.
Trower, C.A. (2002). Why so few minority faculty and what to do? XVII (2): 25-27. Connection: The
journal of the New England Board of Higher Education: Boston; New England Board of Higher.
Ugboaja, C.I. & Uzoka, N.R. (2011). Gender differences in the perceptions and participations of junior
secondary schools in Agricultural Science. The educational psychologist, 5, (1), 116-122
Undheim, A.M & Drugli, M.B. (2012): Perspective of parents and caregivers on the influence of full-time
day-care attendance on young children, Early Child Development and Care, 182:2, 233-247.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2011.553678.
Wack, M. (2020) Storm and Stress: The Turbulence of Adolescence.
https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/stress/storm-and-stress-the-turbulence-of-adolescence/
Wilkinson, R. B. & Walford, W. A. (2001). Attachment and personality in the psychological health of
adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 31: 473 - 484.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
