The Seasonal Variations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Polycyclic: A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/qdpp5929Keywords:
Environmental, PAH, Health Risk.Abstract
With dangerous substances and their effects on health. This information is important because these substances are considered environmentally harmful and healthy. An effect of exposure to any hazardous substance depends on the dose, the exposure period, characteristics and personal habits, and whether other chemicals are present in the atmosphere. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons usually occurs through inhalation of polluted air from forest fires, coal tar, or by Eating roast food, so the importance necessary to know the sequence of these compounds and how they are transported in the environment is the food chain directly to humans.
Downloads
References
[1] Ajmi, R.N.(2013).Investigating Mercury Existence in Some Stations in Tigris River in Iraq. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering A2:203-208.
[2] Ajmi, R.N. and Zeki, H.F.(2015).Mercury biomagnifications in Iraqi marshland (AL-Hawizeh (HZ) food chain using stable isotope analyses. International Journal of Scientific &Engineering Research, 6(4):2229- 5518.
[3] Amos-Tautua B.M.W., Inengite A.K., Abasi C.Y., Amirize G.C. Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some heavy metals in roasted food snacks in Amassoma. Niger Delta Nigeria. 2013;7(10):961–966. [Google Scholar].
[4] Basak S., Gülgün F., Şengör F., Telli K. The detection of potential carcinogenic PAH using HPLC procedure in two different smoked fish, case study: istanbul/Turkey. Turkish J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2010;10:351–355. [Google Scholar].
[5] Beck U., During S.E. Developmental aspects of village based fish processing methods in Sierra Leone, West Africa. Paper Presented at the Workshop Cured Fish Production in the Tropics GTZ − University of the Philippines; Manila, 14–15 April, 1986; 1986. [Google Scholar].
[6] Cheung K., Leung H., Kong K., Wong M. Residual levels of DDTs and PAHs in freshwater and marine fish from Hong Kong markets and their health risk assessment.Chemosphere.2007;66:460468. [PubMed] [
[7] Ding C., Ni H., Zeng H. Parent and halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rice and implications for human health in China. Environ. Pollut. 2012;168:80–86. [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
[8] European Commission (EC) Commission recommendation on the further investigation into the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in certain foods. Notified under document number C (2005/256) (2005/108/EC) Off. J. Eur. Union. 2005;314:4–9. [Google Scholar].
[9] European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the European Commission on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Food. EFSA
J. 2008;724:1–114. [Google Scholar].
[10] European Union Commission Regulation (EU) 2014. European Union Commission Regulation (EU) No 1327/2014 of 12 December 2014 Amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as Regards Maximum Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Traditionally Smoked Meat and Meat Products and Traditionally Smoked Fish and Fishery Products. [Google Scholar].
[11] Food Agriculture Organization (FAO) Statistics and Information Service of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Department/Service. 2014. FAO; Rome, Roma: 2014. Fishery and aquaculture statistics 2014.http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5716t.pdf [Google Scholar].
[12] Guillén M.D., Sopelana P., Partearroyo M.A. Food as a source of polycyclic aromatic carcinogens. Rev. Environ. Health. 1997;12:133–146. [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
[13] Halek F., Nabi G., Kavousi A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons study and toxic equivalency factor (TEFs) in Tehran, Iran. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2007;143:303–311. [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
[14] Huang T., Guo Q., Tian H., Mao X., Ding Z., Zhang G., Li J., Ma J., Gao H. Assessing spatial distribution, sources, and human health risk of organochlorine pesticide residues in the soils of arid and semiarid areas of northwest China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2014;21:6124–6135. [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
[15] Igwe J.C., Odo E.O., Okereke S.E., Asuqou E.E., Nnorom I.C., Okpareke O.C. Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in some fish samples from Mushin area of Lagos, Nigeria: effects of smoking. Terrestrial Aquat. Environ. Toxicol. 2012;6(1):30–35. [Google Scholar].
[16] Muyela B., Shhitandi A., Ngure R. Determination of benzo[a]pyrene in smoked and oil fried Latesniloticus. Int. Food Res. J. 2012;19(4):1595–1600. [Google Scholar].
[17] Nakamura T., Kawamoto H., Saka S. Pyrolysis behaviour of Japanese cedar wood lignin studied with various model dimmers. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 2008;81:173–182. [Google Scholar].
[18] Nisbet I., LaGoy P. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 1992;16:290–300. [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
[19] Obiedzinski M., Borys A. Identification of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in wood smoke. ActaAlimentariaPolonica. 1977;3/27(3):169–173. [Google Scholar].
[20] Ongwech A., Nyakairu G.W., Mbabazi J., Kwetegyeka J., Masette M. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked Latesniloticus from selected markets, Gulu District, Uganda. Afr. J. Pure Appl. Chem. 2013;7(4):164–172. [
[21] Pena T., Pensado L., Casais C., Mejuto C., Phan-Tan-Luu R., Cela R. Optimization of a microwave- assisted extraction method for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from fish samples. J. Chromatogr. A. 2006;1121:163–169. [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
[22] Phillips David H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the diet. Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagenesis. 1999;443(1):139–147. [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
[23] Qu C., Qi S., Yang D., Huang H., Zhang J., Chen W., Yohannes H., Sandy E., Yang J., Xing X. Risk assessment and influence factors of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in agricultural soils of the hill region: a case study from Ningde, southeast China. J. Geochem. Explor. 2015;149:43–51. [Google Scholar].
[24] Rey-Salgueiro L., Garcia-Falcón M.S., Soto-Gonzalez B., Simal-Gándara J. The occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their hydroxylated metabolites in infant foods. Food Chem. 2009;115:814– 819. [Google Scholar].
[25] Scientific Committee on Foods of EC (SCF) European Commission, Health, and Consumer Protection Directorate-General.; Brussels: 2002. The Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Risk to Human Health of PAHs in Food. SCF/CS/CNTM/PAH/29 Final. [Google Scholar].
[26] Silva B.O., Adetunde O.T., Oluseyi T.O., Olayinka K.O., Alo B.I. Effects of the methods of smoking on the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in some locally consumed fishes in Nigeria. Afri. J. Food Sci. 2011;5(7):384–391. [Google Scholar].
[27] Simko P. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked meat products and smoke flavouring food additives. J. Chromatogr. B. 2002;770(1–2):3–18. [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
[28] Stołyhwo A., Sikorski Z.E. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked fish −a critical review. Food Chem. 2005;91:303–311. [Google Scholar].
[29] Tongo I., Ogbeide O., Ezemonye L.I.N. PAH levels in smoked fish species from selected markets in Benin city, Nigeria: potential risks to human health. Proceedings of the 7th International Toxicology Symposium in Africa Held on the 31st of August 2015; Garden Court O.R. TAMBO International Airport, Johannesburg, South Africa; 2015. [Google Scholar].
[30] US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC: Office of Research and Development; 1993. Provisional Guidance for Quantitative Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. EPA/600/R-93/089; p. 1993. [Google Scholar].
[31] US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 3rd ed. Office of Water; Washington DC: 2000. Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant. Data for Use in Fish Advisories. Fish Sampling and Analysis. (2000. [EPA 823-R-95-007]) [Google Scholar].
[32] World Health Organisation (WHO) 1998. Environmental Health Criteria 202, Selected Non-heterocyclic PAHs. Geneva. [Google Scholar].
[33] Wu W., Ning Qin N., He W., He Q., Ouyang H., Xu F. Levels, distribution, and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in four freshwater edible fish species from the Beijing market. Sci. World
J. 2012;2012:1–12. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [
[34] Xia Z., Duan X., Qiu W., Liu D., Wang B., Tao S., Jiang Q., Lu B., Song Y., Hu X. Health risk assessment on dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Taiyuan, China. Sci. Total Environ. 2010;408:5331–5337. [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
[35] Yoon E. Estimation of excess cancer risk on time-weighted Lifetime Average Daily Intake of PAHs from food ingestion. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 2007;13(3):669–680. [Google Scholar].
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.