Pediatric Urinary Stones Compositions and its Relations with Age and Gender in Al-muthanna Governorate, Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/07cqvn59Keywords:
Pediatric Urinary,, Stones, UrolithiasisAbstract
Background: Pediatric urolithiasis results in significant morbidity in later life. Incidence as well as site and chemical composition of calculi varies according to the changes in socio-economic and dietary habits leading to a marked variation in the spectrum of urinary stone composition. To evaluate the spectrum of urinary stone composition in pediatric population from al muthanna governorate, Iraq and its relations with age group and gender.
Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted between October 2018 and February 2020 which included pediatric patients with urolithiasis. Demographic and epidemiological characteristics including age, sex, geography, socio-economic status, dietary habits were recorded. The location and sizes of stones were documented. The data was collected, analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and presented using summary statistics.
Results: A total of 149 patients with urolithiasis were enrolled, of which 65.1% male and 34.9% female with male to female ratio 1.87:1, Calcium oxalate 30.2%,uric acid 16.1%,mixed 9.4%,cysteine 34.2%, and phosphate stone 10.1%
Conclusions: the prevalence of calcium oxalate and uric acid stones were more common in school aged children while cysteine and mixed stones were more common in preschool age children with high incidence of phosphate stone in female patients.
Downloads
References
[1] Penido MG, de Sousa Tavares M. Pediatric primary urolithiasis: Symptoms, medical management and prevention strategies. World J Nephrol. 2015; 4(4):444
[2] Kumar J, Mandhani A, Srivastava A, Kapoor R, Ansari MS. Pediatric urolithiasis: experience from a tertiary referral center. J Pediat Urol. 2013; 9(6): 82530.
[3] Ansari MS, Gupta NP, Hemal AK, Dogra PN, Seth A, Aron M, Singh TP. Spectrum of stone composition: structural analysis of 1050 upper urinary tract calculi from northern India. Intern J Urol. 2005; 12(1): 12-6.
[4] Andersen DA. The nutritional significance of primary bladder stones 1. Br J Urol. 1962; 34(2): 160-77.
[5] Thalut KA, Rizal AH, Brockis JG, Bowyer RC, Taylor TA, Wisniewski ZS. The endemic bladder stone Indonesia---epidemiology and clinical features. Br J Urol. 1976; 48(7): 617-21.
[6] Noe HN, Stapleton FB, Jerkins GR, Roy S. Clinical experience with pediatric urolithiasis. J Urol. 1983; 129(6): 1166-8.
[7] Malek RS, Kelalis PP. Pediatric nephrolithiasis. J Urol. 1975; 113(4): 545-51.
[8] Paulson DF, Glenn JF, Hughes J, Roberts LC, Coppridge AJ. Pediatric urolithiasis. J Urol. 1972; 108 (6): 811-4.
[9] Singh I. Renal geology (quantitative renal stone analysis) by ‘Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy’. Int Urol Nephrol. 2008; 40(3): 595602.
[10] Basiri A, Taheri M, Taheri F. What is the state of the stone analysis techniques in urolithiasis? Urology J.
2012; 9(2): 445-54.
[11] Srivastava RN, Hussainy MA, Goel RG, Rose GA. Bladder stone disease in children in Afghanistan. Br J Urology. 1986; 58(2‐4): 374-7. 28.
[12] Jindal T, Mandal SN ,Sonar P, Kamal MR, Ghosh N, Karmakar D. Analysis of urinary stone composition in Eastern India by X-ray diffraction crystallography. Adv Biomed Res. 2014; 3: 203.
[13] Gabrielsen JS, Laciak RJ, Frank EL, McFadden M, Bates CS, Oottamasathien S, Hamilton BD, Wallis MC. Pediatric urinary stone composition in the United States. J Urol. 2012; 187(6): 2182-7.
[14] Brown RK, Brown EC. Urinary stones: A study of their etiology in small children in Syria. Surgery. 1941; 9(3): 415-24.
[15] Thomson JO. Urinary Calculus at the Canton Hospital, Canton, China, based upon Three Thousand Five Hundred Operations. National Med J China. 1921; 7(3).
[16] Polinsky MS, Kaiser BA, Baluarte HJ, Gruskin AB. Renal stones and hypercalciuria. AdvPediatr 1993; 40: 353–84.
[17] Harrache D, Mesri Z, Addou A, Semmoud A, Lacour B, Daudon M. La lithiaseurinaire chez l’ enfantdansl’ ouestalge´rien. Ann Urol 1997; 31: 84–5.
[18] Daudon M. L’analysemorphoconstitutionnelle des calculsdans le diagnostic e´tiologiqued’ unelithiaseurinaire de l’enfant. Arch Pediatr 2000; 7: 855–65
[19] Kamoun A, Daudon M, Abdelmoula J, Hamzaoui M, Chaouachi B, Houissa T, et al. Urolithiasis in Tunisian children: a study of 120 cases based on stone composition. Pediatr Nephrol 1999; 13: 920–5.
[20] Daudon M. Les lithiasesurinaires secondaires a` des maladies he´re´ditaires. Biologie et Sante´ 2001; 1: 141–56.
[21] Biggs AW, Norflet CM, Garvey FK. Urolithiasis: a reviews of three hundred cases. Trans Southeast Seck Am UrolAssoc 1955; (19th Meeting):76–80; discussion, 81–3.
[22] Giannakopoulos X, Evangelou A, Tsoumanis PH, Papadopoulou CH, Charalambopoulos C, Antoniadis G. L’infectionurinaire chez les lithiasiquesdans le de´partementd’ Epirus (Gre`ce du Nord-Ouest). Ann Urol 1996; 30: 118–23.
[23] Oussama A, Kzaiber F, Mernari B, Semmoud A, Daudon M. Analyse de la lithiase de l’enfantdans le moyen Atlas Marocain par spectrome´trieinfrarouge. Ann Urol 2000; 34: 384–90.
[24] Cachat F, Barbey F, Guignard JP. Epide´miologie de la lithiaseurinaire chez l’enfant. Rev Med Suisse Romande 2004; 124: 433–7.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
