The Mediating Effect of Organizational Culture on the Relationship between Leadership Style and Organizational Learning in Iraqi Universities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/ffc91j25Keywords:
Organizational Culture, Structural Equational Modeling, organizational learningAbstract
Leadership style is known as a power that affects followers, especially transformational and transactional leadership, which is highlighted as an important leadership style. However, transactional leadership is considered a second level while transformational leadership is a first level in terms of the power effect on followers. For both leadership styles, organizational learning is one of the problematic issues that stands critically for leaders, and they have to decide about it. This research studies the effect of transformational and transactional leadership and compares their effects on organizational learning. However, examining the effect of leadership style on organizational learning is not a new research scope, and the recent research findings have variable findings. Therefore, this research used the organizational culture as a mediating culture between leadership style and organizational learning. This search was run based on an individual analysis and used the private university in Iraq-—Baghdad city. The collected data were among all the private universities using a handed or administrative questionnaire. Moreover, structural equational modeling is used for data analysis. The findings were impressive and brought new knowledge to the knowledge that transactional leadership has a more powerful effect on organizational learning than transactional leadership, and the organizational culture played a vital role in improving the organizational learning.
Downloads
References
1. Alsalami, E., Behery, M., & Abdullah, S. (2016). Transformational Leadership and Its Effects
on Organizational Learning and Innovation: Evidence from Dubai. The Journal of Applied
Management and Entrepreneurship, 19(4), 61–81.
https://doi.org/10.9774/gleaf.3709.2014.oc.00006
2. Antonakis, J., & Atwater, L. (2002). Leader distance: A review and a proposed theory.
Leadership Quarterly, 13(6), 673–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00155-8
3. Antonakis, J., Avolio, B. J., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (2003). Context and leadership: An
examination of the nine-factor full-range leadership theory using the Multifactor Leadership
Questionnaire. Leadership Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(03)00030-4
4. Aydogdu, S., & Asikgil, B. (2011). International Review of Management and Marketing The
Effect of Transformational Leadership Behavior on Organizational Culture : An Application in
Pharmaceutical Industry. International Review of Management and Marketing, 1(4), 65–73.
5. Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., Jung, D. I., & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit performance by
assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2),
207–218. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.207
6. Bass, B. M., Waldman, D. A., Avolio, B. J., & Bebb, M. (1987). Transformational Leadership
and the Falling Dominoes Effect. Group & Organization Management, 12(1), 73–87.
https://doi.org/10.1177/105960118701200106
7. Bastedo, M. N., Samuels, E., & Kleinman, M. (2014). Do charismatic presidents influence
college applications and alumni donations? Organizational identity and performance in US
higher education. Higher Education, 68(3), 397–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-014-9719-
z
8. Beckett, C., Eriksson, L., Johansson, E., & Wikström, C. (2017). Multivariate Data Analysis
(MVDA). In Pharmaceutical Quality by Design: A Practical Approach (pp. 201–225).
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118895238.ch8
9. Berkes, F., & Davidson–Hunt, I. J. (2007). Communities and social enterprises in the age of
globalization. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy,
1(3), 209–221. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506200710779521
10. Boehnke, K., Bontis, N., Distefano, J. J., & Distefano, A. C. (2003). Transformational
leadership: an examination of cross-national differences and similarities. Leadership &
Organization Development Journal, 24(1), 5–15. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730310457285
11. Bontis, N., Crossan, M. M., & Hulland, J. (2002). Managing an organizational learning system
by aligning stocks and flows. Journal of Management Studies, 39(4), 437–469.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.t01-1-00299
12. Brown, J. S., & Duguid, P. (2008). Organizational Learning and Communities-of-Practice:
Toward a Unified View of Working, Learning, and Innovation. Organization Science, 2(1), 40–
57. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2.1.40
13. Burke, L. A., & Hutchins, H. M. (2007). Training transfer: An integrative literature review.
Human Resource Development Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484307303035
14. Cabeza Pulles, D., Llorens Montes, F. J., & Gutierrez-Gutierrrez, L. (2017). Network ties and
transactive memory systems: leadership as an enabler. Leadership and Organization
Development Journal, 38(1), 56–73. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-11-2015-0247
15. Cannella, A. A., & Monroe, M. J. (1997). Contrasting perspectives on strategic leaders: Toward
a more realistic view of top managers. Journal of Management, 23(3), 213–237.
https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639702300302
16. Castanheira, P., & Costa, J. A. (2011). In search of transformational leadership: A (Meta)
analysis focused on the Portuguese reality. In Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences (Vol.
15, pp. 2012–2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.045
17. Cegarra-Navarro, J. G., & Sabater-Sánchez, R. (2005). E-learning: organizational requirements
for successful feedback learning. Journal of Workplace Learning, 17(5/6), 276–290.
https://doi.org/10.1108/13665620510606715
18. Cherniss, Cary; Goleman, D. (2001). Emotional Intelligence : Issues in Paradigm Building. The
Emotionally Intelligent Workplace, (Chapter Two), 1–13.
19. Crossan, M. M., Lane, H. W., White, R. E., & Djurfeldt, L. (2008). Organizational Learning:
Dimensions for a Theory. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 3(4), 337–360.
https://doi.org/10.1108/eb028835
20. Daft, R. L., & Weick, K. E. (2011). Toward a Model of Organizations as Interpretation
Systems. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 284–295.
https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1984.4277657
21. Daft, R. L., & Lengel, R. H. (2008). Organizational Information Requirements, Media Richness
and Structural Design. Management Science, 32(5), 554–571.
https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.32.5.554
22. Dimovski, V., & Škerlavaj, M. (2005). Performance effects of organizational learning in a
transitional economy. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 3(4), 56–67.
23. Dimovski, V., Škerlavaj, M., Kimman, M., & Hernaus, T. (2008). Comparative analysis of the
organisational learning process in Slovenia, Croatia, and Malaysia. Expert Systems with
Applications, 34(4), 3063–3070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2007.06.024
24. Disch, J. (2009). Generative Leadership. Creative Nursing, 15(4), 172–177.
https://doi.org/10.1891/1078-4535.15.4.172
25. Ellström, P. E. (2010). Organizational learning. International Encyclopedia of Education, 10(4),
47–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7.00006-3
26. Ellström, P. E. (2010). Organizational learning. In International Encyclopedia of Education (pp.
47–52). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7.00006-3
27. Elshanti, M. (2018). Transformational Leadership Style and Organizational Learning: The
Mediate Effect of Organizational Culture. International Journal of Economics & Management
Sciences, 06(06). https://doi.org/10.4172/2162-6359.1000483
28. Fey, C. F., & Denison, D. R. (2004). Organizational Culture and Effectiveness: Can American
Theory Be Applied in Russia? SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.577141
29. García-Lillo, F., Úbeda-García, M., & Marco-Lajara, B. (2016). Organizational ambidexterity:
exploring the knowledge base. Scientometrics, 107(3), 1021–1040.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-016-1897-2
30. Giuri, P., Rullani, F., & Torrisi, S. (2008). Explaining leadership in virtual teams: The case of
open source software. Information Economics and Policy, 20(4), 305–315.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2008.06.002
31. Goh, S., & Richards, G. (1997). Benchmarking the learning capability of organizations.
European Management Journal, 15(5), 575–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-
2373(97)00036-4
32. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., & Mckee, A. (2009). Primal leadership. IEEE Engineering
Management Review, 37(3), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1109/emr.2009.5235507
33. Halaby, C. N. (2007). Panel Models for the Analysis of Change and Growth in Life Course
Studies. In Handbook of the Life Course (pp. 503–527). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-
48247-2_23
34. Hallett, D. J., Wheelen, T. L., & Hunger, J. D. (2006). Strategic Management and Business
Policy (3rd Edition). The Journal of the Operational Research Society (Vol. 41).
https://doi.org/10.2307/2582945
35. Harris, S. G. (2007). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization, by
Peter Senge, New York: Doubleday/Currency, 1990. Human Resource Management, 29(3),
343–348. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930290308
36. Heller, F. A., & Yukl, G. (1969). Participation, managerial decision-making, and situational
variables. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 4(3), 227–241.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(69)90007-5
37. Horner, M. (1997). Leadership theory: Past, present and future. Team Performance
Management: An International Journal, 3(4), 270–287.
https://doi.org/10.1108/13527599710195402
38. Hock-Hai Teo & Xinwei Wang.(2006). Organizational Learning Capacity and Attitude Toward
Complex Technological Innovations: An Empirical Study. Journal of the American Society for
Information Science and Technology,57(2)264-279.
39. Houk, K. N., GonzAlez, J., & Li, Y. (1995). Pericyclic Reaction Transition States: Passions and
Punctilios, 1935-1995. Accounts of Chemical Research, 28(2), 81–90.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00050a004
40. Howell, J. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993). Howell Avolio 1993. Journal of Applied Psychology,
78(6), 891–902.
41. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure
analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–
55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
42. Huber, G. P. (2008). Organizational Learning: The Contributing Processes and the Literatures.
Organization Science, 2(1), 88–115. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2.1.88
43. Hutahayan, B., Astuti, E. S., Raharjo, K., & Hamid, D. (2013). the Mediation Effect of
Organizational Culture and Organizational Commitment in Relationship Between Transformational Leadership To Organizational Citizenship Behaviour. Interdisciplinary
Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 5(5), 618–626.
44. Janssens, M., & Steyaert, C. (1999). The world in two and a third way out? The concept of
duality in organization theory and practice. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 15(2), 121–
139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-5221(98)00010-4
45. Joreskog, K. G., & Yang, F. (1996). Nonlinear structural equation models: The Kenny-Judd
model with interaction effects. Advanced Structural Equation Modeling: Issues and Techniques,
(May), 57–88.
46. Janićijević,N.(2015). Impact of Organizational Culture on Organizational Learning and
Knowledge Management. ENTRENOVA 10(11). Innovation Research & Policy Network
(IRPN). y: http://ssrn.com/link/.
47. Kanov, J. M., Maitlis, S., Worline, M. C., Dutton, J. E., Frost, P. J., & Lilius, J. M. (2004).
Compassion in Organizational Life. American Behavioral Scientist.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764203260211
48. Konradt, U., & Hoch, J. E. (2011). A Work Roles and Leadership Functions of Managers in
Virtual Teams. International Journal of E-Collaboration, 3(2), 16–35.
https://doi.org/10.4018/jec.2007040102
49. Koolmees, H., Smeijsters, H., & Schoenmakers, S. (2008). How to improve your knowledge
intensive organisation: Implementing a knowledge management scan within public and private
sector organisations. Proceedings of the European Conference on Knowledge Management,
ECKM, 367–376.
50. Kurland, H., Peretz, H., & Hertz-Lazarowitz, R. (2010). Leadership style and organizational
learning: The mediate effect of school vision. Journal of Educational Administration, 48(1), 7–
30. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578231011015395
51. Lancaster, M. (1989). Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2013 - The Physical Science
Basis, 53(4), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
52. Łatuszyńska, M. (2017). System Dynamics Modeling in Behavioral Decision Making (pp. 243–
253). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62938-4_16
53. Lejeune, C. (2009). Organizational learning and capabilities: An integrative conceptual
framework. Ns6.Ucl.Ac.Be. Retrieved from
http://ns6.ucl.ac.be/cps/ucl/doc/iag/documents/WP_6_Lejeune.pdf
54. Leong, S. H. . (2002). Internet Copyright — Singapore. Computer Law & Security Review,
16(3), 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0267-3649(00)88914-1
55. Lowe, K. B., Kroeck, K. G., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (1996). Effectiveness correlates of
transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic review of the mlq literature.
Leadership Quarterly, 7(3), 385–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(96)90027-2
56. Maani, K., & Benton, C. (2004). Rapid team learning: Lessons from team New Zealand
America’s cup campaign. Organizational Dynamics, 27(4), 48–62.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-2616(99)90029-3
57. Manor, O., Eisenbach, Z., Friedlander, Y., & Kark, J. D. (2004). Educational differentials in
mortality from cardiovascular disease among men and women: The Israel Longitudinal
Mortality Study. Annals of Epidemiology, 14(7), 453–460.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2003.10.011
58. Moreno-Jiménez, J. M., Cardeñosa, J., Gallardo, C., & De La Villa-Moreno, M. Á. (2014). A
new e-learning tool for cognitive democracies in the Knowledge Society. Computers in Human
Behavior, 30, 409–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.04.027
59. Mumford, M. D., Connelly, S., & Gaddis, B. (2003). How creative leaders think: Experimental
findings and cases. Leadership Quarterly, 14(4–5), 411–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-
9843(03)00045-6
60. Murphy, S. E., & Ensher, E. A. (2008). A qualitative analysis of charismatic leadership in
creative teams: The case of television directors. Leadership Quarterly, 19(3), 335–352.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.03.006
61. Northouse, P. G. (2010). Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). In Leadership: Theory
and Practice (p. 456). Retrieved from
http://www.sagepub.com/northouse5e/articles/LQ_CH03.pdf
62. Ogbonna, E., & Harris, L. C. (2000). Leadership style, organizational culture and performance:
Empirical evidence from UK companies. International Journal of Human Resource
Management, 11(4), 766–788. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190050075114
63. Pastor, J. C., Mayo, M., & Meindl, J. R. (2007). Managing Leadership Images. In Next
Generation Business Handbook: New Strategies from Tomorrow’s Thought Leaders (pp. 142–
156). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470172223.ch9
64. Patton, A., Politis, D. N., & White, H. (2009). Correction to automatic block-length selection
for the dependent bootstrap by D. Politis and H. White. Econometric Reviews, 28(4), 372–375.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07474930802459016
65. Pickron, C. B., Fava, E., & Scott, L. S. (2014). The Influence of Face Processing Biases on Eye
Gaze Following and Object Processing During Infancy. Journal of Vision, 14(10), 1268–1268.
https://doi.org/10.1167/14.10.1268
66. Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2009). Valuing Modularity as a Real Option. Management
Science, 55(11), 1877–1896. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1090.1070
67. Rendall, D. J. (2004). Comparison of values of social enterprise leaders and leaders of
nonprofit and for -profit organizations. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/305045944?accountid=143960
68. Rheem, H. (1995). The learning organization: Building learning capability. Harvard Business
Review, (2), 10. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.hrtproxy.libraries.vsc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,cookie&db=edsgao&AN=edsgcl.
16716262&site=eds-live&scope=site&profile=eds-ccv
69. Sarros, J. C., Tanewski, G. A., Winter, R. P., Santora, J. C., & Densten, I. L. (2002). Work
alienation and organizational leadership. In British Journal of Management (Vol. 13, pp. 285–
304). https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.00247
70. Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (1988). Scaling corrections for chi-square in covariance structure
analysis. Proceedings of the Business and Economic Statistics Section of the American Statistics
Association, 308–313.
71. Smeds,R.(1997). Organizational Learning and Innovation through Tailored Simulation Games:
Two Process Re-engineering Case Studies. Knowledge and Process Management 4 (1) pp 22-
33.
72. Saxby, H. (2009). Research to Practice? Implications of Research on the Challenging Behaviour
of People with Learning Disability Chris Kiernan (Ed). Clevedon: BILD, 1993. pp. 368. £19.95
(softback). Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23(01), 81.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s1352465800017690
73. Sendjaya, S., & Sarros, J. C. (2007). Servant Leadership: Its Origin, Development, and
Application in Organizations. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9(2), 57–64.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 AUTHOR

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.