SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH OUTCOMES IN THE SADC REGION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/q1q2er11Keywords:
socio-economic, health outcome, health expenditures, antiretroviral, water sourceAbstract
The outcomes of health are influenced by many diverse factors, which range from socio-economic to health systems and environmental issues. This study will focus on health outcomes being represented by life expectancy. There are quite a few theoretical models that describe the health determinants concerning the outcomes, including the Wilber and Grossman models. In this study, the health indicators considered are total health expenditures, antiretroviral coverage, and improved water source. The study considers 11 of the 16 SADC countries using panel data for the period 2000-2015 from the World Bank for the study. Health outcomes were proxied by life expectancy from birth and current health expenditure per capita (US$). Antiretroviral coverage as a percentage of people living with HIV as well as an improved water source as a percentage of the population were considered as independent variables. A unit change in current health expenditure per capita results in a 0.099162 positive change in life expectancy at birth. An increase in coverage for those people living with HIV will result in reduced deaths, increased quality of life, and hence a raising up of the life expectancy. Improved water supply source is statistically significant but is negative, which is inconsistent with literature.
Downloads
References
1. Akinkugbe O, Mohanoe M. (2009) Public health expenditure as a determinant of health status in Lesotho.
Soc Work Public Health. 24:131–147.
2. Anyanwu CJ, Erhijakpor EOA (2007). Health expenditures and health outcomes in Africa. African
Development Bank Economic Research Working Paper No. 91. 2007.
3. Ataguba J, C Day, Di McIntyre (2015), Explaining the role of social determinants of health on health
inequality in South Africa, Global Health Action 2015
4. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2016). Australia’s health 2016. Australia’s health series no.
15. Cat. no. AUS 199. Canberra: AIHW
5. Baltagi, B. H. & Moscone, F. (2010). Health Care Expenditure and Income in the OECD Reconsidered:
Evidence From Panel Data. Economic Modelling, 27(4), pp. 804-811 Di Matteo, L., and Di Matteo, R.,
(1998). Evidence on the Determinants of Canadian Provincial Government Health Expenditures: 1965-
1991. Journal of Health Economics, 17(2), pp. pp.211-228.
6. Bayati M, Akbarian R, Kavosi Z, SadraeiJavaheri A, AminiRarani M, Delavari S. (2013) Socioeconomic
Determinants of Health in the Western Pacific Region: A Panel Data Analysis. Social welfare quarterly
2013; 47 [in press].
7. Braveman, P., Egerter, S., & Williams, D. R. (2011). The social determinants of health: coming of age. Annu
Rev Public Health 2011; 32:381e98.
8. Collaboration, A. C. (2008). LIfe expectancy of individual on combination antiretroviral therapy is high
Income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies. Lancet , 372:293.
9. Cutler, D., Deaton, A., Lleras-Muney, A. (2006). The determinants of mortality, Journal of Economic
Perspectives 20 (3), p. 97
10. Dahlgren, G., & Whitehead, M. (1991). Policies and Strategies to Promote Social Equity in Health.
Stockholm, Sweden: Institute for Future Studies. Retrieved March 25, 2019, from http://eurohealthnet.
eu/sites/eurohealthnet.eu/files/publications/DETERMINE-Final-Publication-Story.pdf
11. Eshetu E.B, Woldesenbet S.A (2011), Are there particular social determinants of health for the world
poorest countries, African Health Sciences
12. Granich, R., & G. S. (2015). Trends in AIDS Death New Infections and ART Coverage in the Top 30
country with highest AIDS mortality Burdern 1990-2013. PLoS ONE.
13. Grossman, M. (1972), On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health. Journal of Political
Economy, 80, 223-255
14. Hosseini Shokouh, A. M. (2017). Conceptual models of social determinants of Health: A Narrative
Review. Iran J Public Health No. 4, 435-446.
15. Kliger, B., and L. R. (2004). Integrative medicine. Principles for Practice. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
16. Leeven, T., Alex Murray Zmyecosu, and Paul Booth (2015). Are ending AIDS 2030 and UHC policy
objective jointly attainable in SADC? A fiscal perspective HIV ERG 2015
17. Marmot M, Wilkinson R (2003). Social determinants of health: The solid facts, 2nd ed. Copenhagen:
WHO regional office Europe, 2003
18. McDavid Harrison, K. & Dean, H. (2011). Use of Data Systems to Address Social Determinants of
Health: A need to do more. Public Health Reports. 126 (Suppl 3): 1–5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/pmc/articles/PMC3150121/pdf/phr126s30001.pdf
19. McIntyre, D, Kutzin J (2016 ). Health Financing country diagnostic: a foundation for national strategy
development , Geneva WHO
20. Nabyonga-Oren Juliet (2019), Universal Health Coverage: Unprecedented Commitment in Eastern and
Southern Africa . WHO
21. Poças, A., Soukiazis, E. (2010). “Health Status Determinants in the OECD Countries. A Panel Data
Approach with Endogenous Regressors,” European Regional Science Association Conference, ERSA
2010 Papers, paper #749
22. Samji H, H. R. (2013). Closing the Gap : Increases in life expectancy among treated HIV-positive
individuals in the United States & Canada. PLOS ONE.
23. Tanser, F., & B., T.-L. (2013). High coverage of ART associated with decline in risk of HIV acquisition in
rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Science , 339(6122), 966-971.
24. UN (2017), Ending AIDS Progress report the 90-90-90 target, Joint United Nation Program on
HIV/AIDs UNIAIDS 2017
25. United Nations General Assembly (2015), Transforming our World, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development, New York 2015
26. Van Maanen, P. (2010). Evidence-based: Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions. New York:
UNICEF;
27. World Bank (2016), Universal Health Coverage, Framework for Action, World Bank
28. WHO (2018). About social determinants of health, WHO 2018 http://www.who.int/social
determinants/sdn definition/en/
29. WHO (2014), African region Expenditure Atlas
30. WHOAfro (2014), The health of the people, What works, The African Regional Health report WHO
31. WHO (1978) Declaration of Alma-Ata international conference on primary health care, Alma-Ata USSR, 1978
32. World Health Statistics (2018), monitoring health for the sustainable development goals, Geneva, WHO 2018
33. WHO (2017). Sustainable development goals, Geneva. WHO, 2017
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 AUTHOR
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
