Exploring the Orientation factors of Women Entrepreneurs: A Life Course Approach

Authors

  • Shabnam Khan Superior University, Lahore Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61841/en81k578

Keywords:

Womenentrepreneurship,, Motivational drivers and factors,, Entrepreneurial challenges,, Supportingentrepreneurial factors

Abstract

Entrepreneurship is recognized as driving force of socio-economic development that is multifaceted endeavor influenced by the contextual, social, economic, government/institutional supporting factors.To promote the women entrepreneurial initiatives, this study is intended to explore the women entrepreneurial experiences in Pakistani context by using life course approach. To address this major apprehension, basic qualitative research methodology and Gioia methodology has been applied, semi-structured interviews conducted from the women entrepreneurs working at micro-enterprises. During the interviews and data analysis, it is inferred thatwomen entrepreneurs have wonderful entrepreneurial journey to be socially and financially independent and get the feeling of achievement and gratification. They started their own ventures due to need of economic, independent and success. Women entrepreneurs have to perform dual responsibilities, facing work-life conflicts and having limited access to knowledge, market and funding. To cope up the entrepreneurial challenges, women need sound family and social support with creative and innovative business practices.They didn’t get any government/institutional support irrespective of the nature, type, size and scale of the business. It is quite appreciable that society trends and perceptions have transformed revolutionary, women efforts are accepted and appreciated now. This study is an encouraging tool for other women entrepreneurs to participate in making Pakistan economically and socially Superior. Moreover, this study will facilitate policy makers to designs policy frameworks and programs in order to untap the resources.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. AbdElhameed, D. (2015). How can the domestication of women facilitate understanding of their plight in Egypt?. Égypte/Monde arabe(2), 27-38. ◻◻◻◻◻◻◻◻◻◻◻◻◻◻◻◻◻◻◻◻◻◻◻◻

2. Acs, Z. J., Szerb, L., & Lloyd, A. (2017). The global entrepreneurship and development index Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index 2017 (pp. 29-53): Springer.

3. Agha, N., Syed, G. K., & Mirani, D. A. (2018). Exploring the representation of gender and identity: patriarchal and citizenship perspectives from the primary level Sindhi textbooks in Pakistan. Paper presented at the Women's Studies International Forum.

4. Ahl, H., & Nelson, T. (2015). How policy positions women entrepreneurs: A comparative analysis of state discourse in Sweden and the United States. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(2), 273-291.

5. Allen, S., & Truman, C. (2016). Women in business: Perspectives on women entrepreneurs: Routledge.

6. Alves, I. G. (2016). Well blessed is the Lord's servant: The feminity construction of women through Marian speech. ESTUDIOS HISTORICOS(16).

7. Anggadwita, G., Luturlean, B. S., Ramadani, V., & Ratten, V. (2017). Socio-cultural environments and emerging economy entrepreneurship: Women entrepreneurs in Indonesia. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 9(1), 85-96.

8. Arregle, J. L., Batjargal, B., Hitt, M. A., Webb, J. W., Miller, T., & Tsui, A. S. (2015). Family ties in entrepreneurs’ social networks and new venture growth. Entrepreneurship theory and Practice, 39(2), 313- 344.

9. Ashourizadeh, S., Chavoushi, Z. H., & Schøtt, T. (2014). People’s confidence in innovation: a component of the entrepreneurial mindset, embedded in gender and culture, affecting entrepreneurial intention. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 23(1-2), 235-251.

10. Assembly, U. G. (2017). Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women, 18 December 1979, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1249. Visited at: http://ZZZ XQKFU RUJ UHIZRUOG GRFLG DH E html, 13.

11. Avolio, B. (2017). Why women enter into entrepreneurship? An emerging conceptual framework based on the Peruvian case. JWEE(3-4), 43-63.

12. Azmi, I. A. G. (2017). Muslim Women Entrepreneurs Motivation in SMEs: A Quantitative Study in Asia Pacific Countries. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 7(1), 27.

13. Batjargal, B., Hitt, M. A., Tsui, A. S., Arregle, J.-L., Webb, J. W., & Miller, T. L. (2013). Institutional polycentrism, entrepreneurs' social networks, and new venture growth. Academy of Management Journal, 56(4), 1024-1049.

14. Batool, H., & Ullah, K. (2017). Successful antecedents of women entrepreneurs: A case of underdeveloped nation. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 7(2).

15. Belwal, S., Belwal, R., & Saidi, F. A. (2014). Characteristics, motivations, and challenges of women entrepreneurs in Oman’s Al-Dhahira Region. Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies, 10(2), 135-151.

16. Bergmann, S. (2017). God in context: A survey of contextual theology: Routledge.

17. Bosma, N., Coduras, A., Litovsky, Y., & Seaman, J. (2012). GEM Manual: A report on the design, data and quality control of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 1-95.

18. Breckenridge, J., Jones, D., Elliott, I., & Nicol, M. (2012). Choosing a methodological path: Reflections on the constructivist turn. Grounded Theory Review, 11(1), 64-71.

19. Brinkmann, S. (2014). Interview Encyclopedia of critical psychology (pp. 1008-1010): Springer.

20. Broude, N. (2018). Feminism and art history: Questioning the litany: Routledge.

21. Chasserio, S., Pailot, P., & Poroli, C. (2014). When entrepreneurial identity meets multiple social identities: Interplays and identity work of women entrepreneurs. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 20(2), 128-154.

22. Chinomona, E., & Maziriri, E. T. (2015). Women in action: Challenges facing women entrepreneurs in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. The International Business & Economics Research Journal (Online), 14(6), 835.

23. Christian, S. E. (2017). Overcoming Bias: A Journalist's Guide to Culture & Context: Routledge.

24. Clark Muntean, S. (2013). Wind beneath my wings: policies promoting high-growth oriented women entrepreneurs. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 5(1), 36-59.

25. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches: Sage publications.

26. Datta, P. B., & Gailey, R. (2012). Empowering women through social entrepreneurship: Case study of a women's cooperative in India. Entrepreneurship theory and Practice, 36(3), 569-587.

27. De Vita, L., Mari, M., & Poggesi, S. (2014). Women entrepreneurs in and from developing countries: Evidences from the literature. European Management Journal, 32(3), 451-460.

28. Dezso, G., Fox, J. A., Bird, D., & Durham, W. (2014). Cultural Factors in the Survival of Stingless Bee Domestication (Meliponiculture) among the Yucatec Maya. Undergraduate Honors Thesis: Department of Anthropology Stanford University.

29. Duflo, E. (2012). Women empowerment and economic development. Journal of Economic Literature, 50(4), 1051-1079.

30. Durrani, N., Halai, A., Kadiwal, L., Rajput, S. K., Novelli, M., & Sayed, Y. (2017). Education and social cohesion in Pakistan.

31. Enid Kiaye, R., & Maniraj Singh, A. (2013). The glass ceiling: a perspective of women working in Durban. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 28(1), 28-42.

32. Espin, O. M. (2018). Cultural and historical influences on sexuality in Hispanic/Latin women: Implications for psychotherapy Latina Realities (pp. 83-96): Routledge.

33. Ezzedeen, S. R., & Zikic, J. (2012). Entrepreneurial experiences of women in Canadian high technology. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 4(1), 44-64.

34. Farrington, D. P. (2017). Integrated developmental and life-course theories of offending: Routledge.

35. Fazakarley, J. (2017). Home Bodies: Purdah and the Integration of Muslim Women in England Muslim Communities in England 1962-90 (pp. 95-128): Springer.

36. Furlong, P., & Marsh, D. (2010). A skin not a sweater: Ontology and epistemology in political science: Palgrave Macmillan.

37. Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., & Hamilton, A. L. (2013). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology. Organizational research methods, 16(1), 15-31.

38. Goffee, R., & Scase, R. (2015). Women in Charge (Routledge Revivals): The Experiences of Female Entrepreneurs: Routledge.

39. Goyal, M., & Parkash, J. (2011). Women entrepreneurship in India-problems and prospects. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(5), 195-207.

40. Goyal, P., & Yadav, V. (2014). To be or not to be a woman entrepreneur in a developing country. Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management, 2(2), 68-78.

41. Griffiths, M. D., Gundry, L. K., & Kickul, J. R. (2013). The socio-political, economic, and cultural determinants of social entrepreneurship activity: An empirical examination. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 20(2), 341-357.

42. Harrison, R., Leitch, C., & McAdam, M. (2015). Breaking glass: Toward a gendered analysis of entrepreneurial leadership. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(3), 693-713.

43. Haugh, H. M., & Talwar, A. (2016). Linking social entrepreneurship and social change: The mediating role of empowerment. Journal of Business Ethics, 133(4), 643-658.

44. Herrington, M., & Kew, P. (2017). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: Global Report 2016/17: Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA).

45. Howard, R. E. (2018). Women and Development. Women's Rights, Human Rights: International Feminist Perspectives.

46. Iakovleva, T., Solesvik, M., & Trifilova, A. (2013). Financial availability and government support for women entrepreneurs in transitional economies: Cases of Russia and Ukraine. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 20(2), 314-340.

47. Inman, K. (2016). Women's resources in business start-up: A study of black and white women entrepreneurs: Routledge.

48. Ishaq, W., & Memon, S. Q. (2017). Roles of women in agriculture: A case study of rural Lahore, Pakistan. Journal of Rural Development and Agriculture, 1(1), 1-11.

49. Jafree, S. R. (2017). Workplace violence against women nurses working in two public sector hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan. Nursing outlook, 65(4), 420-427.

50. Jaguszewski, J., & Williams, K. (2013). New roles for new times: Transforming liaison roles in research libraries.

51. Jain, G. (2018). Women entrepreneurship in India. Women, 3(1).

52. Jali, M. R. M., & Islam, G. M. N. (2017). Empowering rural women in Pakistan: empirical evidence from Southern Punjab. Quality & Quantity, 51(4), 1777-1787.

53. Jehan, M. (2015). High School Principals' Ethical Decisions: A Comparative Analysis of Socio-cultural & Structural Context in Pakistan and United States.

54. Jennings, J. E., & Brush, C. G. (2013). Research on women entrepreneurs: challenges to (and from) the broader entrepreneurship literature? The Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), 663-715.

55. Johns, M. L. (2013). Breaking the glass ceiling: Structural, cultural, and organizational barriers preventing women from achieving senior and executive positions. Perspectives in Health Information Management/AHIMA, American Health Information Management Association, 10(Winter).

56. Joshi, M. P., Das, S. R., & Mouri, N. (2015). Antecedents of innovativeness in technology‐ based services (TBS): peering into the black box of entrepreneurial orientation. Decision Sciences, 46(2), 367-402.

57. Kassebaum, G. (2017). Women's prison: Sex and social structure: Routledge.

58. Katongole, C., Ahebwa, W. M., & Kawere, R. (2013). Enterprise success and entrepreneur’s personality traits: An analysis of micro-and small-scale women-owned enterprises in Uganda’s tourism industry. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 13(3), 166-177.

59. Khan, I. U., Hameed, Z., & Khan, S. U. (2017). Understanding online banking adoption in a developing country: UTAUT2 with cultural moderators. Journal of Global Information Management (JGIM), 25(1), 43-65.

60. Khan, R. (2018). Attitudes towards ‘honor’violence and killings in collectivist cultures: gender differences in Middle Eastern, North African, South Asian (MENASA) and Turkish populations.

61. Khattak, U. K., Iqbal, S. P., & Ghazanfar, H. (2017). The role of parents' literacy in malnutrition of children under the age of five years in a semi-urban community of pakistan: a case-control study. Cureus, 9(6).

62. Kirkwood, J. (2009). Motivational factors in a push-pull theory of entrepreneurship. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 24(5), 346-364.

63. Klyver, K., Nielsen, S. L., & Evald, M. R. (2013). Women's self-employment: An act of institutional (dis) integration? A multilevel, cross-country study. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(4), 474-488.

64. Kuratko, D. F. (2016). Entrepreneurship: Theory, process, and practice: Cengage Learning.

65. Kyalo, T. N., & Kiganane, L. M. (2018). Challenges Facing Women Entrepreneurs in Africa-A Case of Kenyan Women Entrepreneurs. IJAMEE.

66. Li, M., & Bray, M. (2007). Cross-border flows of students for higher education: Push–pull factors and motivations of mainland Chinese students in Hong Kong and Macau. Higher education, 53(6), 791-818.

67. Lindvert, M., Patel, P. C., & Wincent, J. (2017). Struggling with social capital: Pakistani women micro entrepreneurs’ challenges in acquiring resources. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 29(7-8), 759-790.

68. Loza, E. (2017). Female entrepreneurship theory: A multidisciplinary review of resources. JWEE(1-2), 26- 64.

69. Maden, C. (2015). A gendered lens on entrepreneurship: Women entrepreneurship in Turkey. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 30(4), 312-331.

70. McGowan, P., Redeker, C. L., Cooper, S. Y., & Greenan, K. (2012). Female entrepreneurship and the management of business and domestic roles: Motivations, expectations and realities. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(1-2), 53-72.

71. Monitor, G. E. (2017). Global Report 2016/2017. Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA), London Business School, UK.

72. Mubarka, K., Yousaf, U., & Altaf, M. (2017). Entrepreneurial attributes among postgraduate students of a Pakistani university. JWEE(3-4), 86-101.

73. Mugler, J. (2017). The climate for entrepreneurship in European countries in transition. The blackwell handbook of entrepreneurship, 150-175.

74. Muhammad, N., McElwee, G., & Dana, L.-P. (2017). Barriers to the development and progress of entrepreneurship in rural Pakistan. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 23(2), 279-295.

75. Novo-Corti, I., Varela-Candamio, L., & García-Álvarez, M. T. (2014). Breaking the walls of social exclusion of women rural by means of ICTs: The case of ‘digital divides’ in Galician. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 497-507.

76. Padgett, D. (2004). The qualitative research experience: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.

77. Parmar, V. (2018). Analysis Of Constraints Faced By Women Entrepreneurs: A Case Study Of Sindh Province. Grassroots, 51(2).

78. Peeters, L. W., & Ateljevic, I. (2017). Women empowerment entrepreneurship nexus in tourism: Processes of social innovation Tourism and Entrepreneurship (pp. 94-109): Routledge.

79. Powell, G. N., & Eddleston, K. A. (2013). Linking family-to-business enrichment and support to entrepreneurial success: do female and male entrepreneurs experience different outcomes? Journal of Business Venturing, 28(2), 261-280.

80. Ramadani, V., Hisrich, R. D., & Gërguri-Rashiti, S. (2015). Female entrepreneurs in transition economies: Insights from Albania, Macedonia and Kosovo. World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 11(4), 391-413.

81. Raman, K., Anantharaman, R. N., & Jayasingam, S. (2008). Motivational factors affecting entrepreneurial decision: A comparison between Malaysian women entrepreneurs and women non entrepreneurs. Communications of the IBIMA, 2(12), 85-89.

82. Ribeiro-Soriano, D. (2017). Small business and entrepreneurship: their role in economic and social development: Routledge.

83. Rizzo, H. M. (2017). Islam, democracy and the status of women: the case of Kuwait: Routledge.

84. Robinson-Pant, A. (2017). Women, Literacy, and Development: An Overview. Literacies and Language Education, 197-209.

85. Rowley, J. (2012). Conducting research interviews. Management Research Review, 35(3/4), 260-271.

86. Rowley, J. (2014). Designing and using research questionnaires. Management Research Review, 37(3), 308-330.

87. Sachs, C. E. (2018). Gendered fields: Rural women, agriculture, and environment: Routledge.

88. Sathiabama, K. (2010). Rural women empowerment and entrepreneurship development.

89. Sazzad, R. (2017). Edward Said's Concept of Exile: Identity and Cultural Migration in the Middle East: IB Tauris.

90. Scarborough, N. M. (2016). Essentials of entrepreneurship and small business management: Pearson.

91. Sedgwick, E. K. (2015). Between men: English literature and male homosocial desire: Columbia university press.

92. Sharma, A., Dua, S., & Hatwal, V. (2012). Micro enterprise development and rural women entrepreneurship: way for economic empowerment. Artha Prabandh: A Journal of Economics and Management, 1(06).

93. Smith, B. (2003). Ontology.

94. Storey, J. (2018). Cultural theory and popular culture: An introduction: Routledge.

95. Tambunan, T. (2009). Women entrepreneurship in Asian developing countries: Their development and main constraints. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 1(2), 027-040.

96. Terjesen, S., Bosma, N., & Stam, E. (2016). Advancing public policy for high‐ growth, female, and social

entrepreneurs. Public Administration Review, 76(2), 230-239.

97. Thomas, D. C., & Peterson, M. F. (2017). Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts: Sage Publications.

98. Tiwari, R. K. (2018). Empowering women through agricultural extension: a global perspective. Indian Rural Market: Opportunity and Challenges in the Global Context, 1(1), 68-75.

99. Ullah, R. (2018). Socio-Cultural and Economic Factors Affecting Women Political Participation in Dir District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Women-Annual Research Journal of Gender Studies, 10(10).

100. Vossenberg, S. (2013). Women Entrepreneurship Promotion in Developing Countries: What explains the gender gap in entrepreneurship and how to close it. Maastricht School of Management Working Paper Series, 8, 1-27.

101. Wahid, A., Ahmad, M. S., Talib, N. B. A., Shah, I. A., Tahir, M., Jan, F. A., & Saleem, M. Q. (2017). Barriers to empowerment: Assessment of community-led local development organizations in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74, 1361-1370.

102. Welsh, D. H., Memili, E., Kaciak, E., & Al Sadoon, A. (2014). Saudi women entrepreneurs: A growing economic segment. Journal of Business Research, 67(5), 758-762.

103. Welsh, D. H., Memili, E., Kaciak, E., & Ochi, M. (2014). Japanese women entrepreneurs: implications for family firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 52(2), 286-305.

104. Whyte, M. K. (2015). The status of women in preindustrial societies: Princeton University Press. 105.Wright, M. (2013). Disposable women and other myths of global capitalism: Routledge.

106. Yilmaz, K. (2008). Constructivism: Its theoretical underpinnings, variations, and implications for classroom instruction. Educational horizons, 86(3), 161-172.

107. Yousafzi, S. Y., Lindgreen, A., Saeed, S., & Henry, C. (2018). Contextual Embeddedness of Women's Entrepreneurship: Going Beyond a Gender Neutral Approach: Routledge.

108. Z. Solesvik, M., Westhead, P., Matlay, H., & N. Parsyak, V. (2013). Entrepreneurial assets and mindsets: benefit from university entrepreneurship education investment. Education+ Training, 55(8/9), 748-762.

109. Zulfiqar, G. (2017). Does microfinance enhance gender equity in access to finance? Evidence from Pakistan. Feminist Economics, 23(1), 160-185.

110. Hejr, H., Paymard, A., Sataie, J., Roozitalab, M.A three-year study of causes of mortality from poisoning in referral bodies to the yasuj forensic medicine faculty in 2012-2014(2018) International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 10 (1), pp. 299-304.https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0- 85059620565&partnerID=40&md5=c04207e737acd8a2ade4d0815487aa21

111. Vijayalakshmi, K., Jayalakshmi, S., Abinaya, S., Indhumathi, S., & Hemavathi, J. (2018).Dynamic Cluster Head Selection Method for Wireless Sensor Networks. The SIJ Transactions on Computer Networks & Communication Engineering (CNCE), 6(2),6-9.

112. Singh, N.,Rakshit,S.,Rai,J.,Amruthakantesh,G., &Shilpashree,P.S. (2018). Image Processing Based Automated Toll Collection System. Journal of Computational Information Systems, 14(01-SP), 50 - 59.

113. Reddy, J.S.K., Pereira, C. The emergence of mind as a quantum field phenomenon (2018) NeuroQuantology, 16 (11), pp. 68-78.

114. Yuan, M., Yuan, W., Kong, W. Effect of nursing intervention on postoperative acute cerebral syndrome in elderly gastrointestinal cancer patients (2018) NeuroQuantology, 16 (6), pp. 872-876

Downloads

Published

30.06.2020

How to Cite

Khan, S. (2020). Exploring the Orientation factors of Women Entrepreneurs: A Life Course Approach. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(4), 2376-2398. https://doi.org/10.61841/en81k578