Religiosity and Compassionate Love in Mother of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/c4fqax15Keywords:
Religiosity, Compassionate Love, Mother, ASDAbstract
Purpose: The aim of the study was to observe the correlation between religiosity and compassionate love in mothers of children with ASD.
Methodology: The study is a quantitative study using correlational design. A total of 120 mothers of children with ASD were selected using purposive sampling quota, based on the following criteria: mothers of children aged 5-17 years with ASD living in Central Java. Data were obtained using two scales namely Compassionate Love Scale dan Centrality of Religiosity Scale. Pearson’s Correlation Analysis was used to find the correlation between variables. Furthermore, another analysis was conducted to determine the contribution of dimensions of religiosity to compassionate love.
Result: The analysis resulted in the value of F=5.122, with significance level 0.007, shows that there is a correlation between religiosity and compassionate love. The coefficient of correlation shows that the correlation between religiosity and compassionate love in mothers of children with ASD was 0.687. Positive correlation indicates that the higher religiosity leads to the higher compassionate love in mothers of children with ASD. The dimensions of religiosity that contribute significantly to compassionate love are individual practice, religious experience, and the intellectual dimension.
Applications/Originality/Value: The implication of the study is to provide a knowledge on studies related to parenting children with ASD, especially on mothers’ compassionate love, to make the Government aware of the need for better religious facilities to and focus on increasing the quality of religiosity in its citizen, especially in mothers of children with ASD.
Downloads
References
1. Allik, H., Larsson, J. O., & Smedje, H. (2006). Sleep patterns of school-age children with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. *Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders*, 36(5), 585–595.
2. Altiere, M. J., & Von Kluge, S. (2009). Family functioning and coping behaviors in parents of children with autism. *Journal of Child and Family Studies*, 18(1), 83–92.
3. Aydın, A. (2015). A comparison of the alexithymia, self-compassion, and humor characteristics of the parents with mentally disabled and autistic children. *Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences*, 174, 720–729.
4. Bebko, J. M., Konstantareas, M. M., & Springer, J. (1987). Parent and professional evaluations of family stress associated with characteristics of autism. *Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders*, 17(4), 565–576.
5. Behroozi, M., & Pashakhanlu, R. (2015). Surveying the gap of generation between two generations of mothers and high school girl students in Bushehr City regarding their commitment towards religious beliefs and values. *Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences*, 190(November 2014), 309–313.
6. Benson, P. R. (2006). The impact of child symptom severity on depressed mood among parents of children with ASD: The mediating role of stress proliferation. *Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders*, 36(5), 685–695.
7. Blacher, J., & McIntyre, L. L. (2006). Syndrome specificity and behavioral disorders in young adults with intellectual disability: Cultural differences in family impact. *Journal of Intellectual Disability Research*, 50(3), 184–198.
8. Catarino, F., Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., & Baião, R. (2014). Compassion motivations: Distinguishing submissive compassion from genuine compassion and its association with shame, submissive behavior, depression, anxiety, and stress. *Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology*, 33(5), 399–412.
9. Chan, K. K. S., & Lam, C. B. (2016). Parental maltreatment of children with autism spectrum disorder: A developmental-ecological analysis. *Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders*, 32, 106–114.
10. Chen, Y. L., Chen, S. H., & Gau, S. S. F. (2015). ADHD and autistic traits, family function, parenting style, and social adjustment for internet addiction among children and adolescents in Taiwan: A longitudinal study. *Research in Developmental Disabilities*, 39(7), 20–31.
11. Conner, C. M., & White, S. W. (2014). Stress in mothers of children with autism: Trait mindfulness as a protective factor. *Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders*, 8(6), 617–624.
12. Conti, R. (2015). Compassionate parenting as a key to satisfaction, efficacy, and meaning among mothers of children with autism. *Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders*, 45(7), 2008–2018.
13. Da Paz, N. S., Wallander, J. L., & Tiemensma, J. (2018). Effects of written disclosure on psychophysiological stress among parents of children with autism: A randomized controlled pilot study. *Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders*, 53(June), 7–17.
14. Degil, I. M., & Régnier, J.-C. (2014). The content of spiritual and religious component of the communicative competence. *Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences*, 154(October), 193–198.
15. Desiningrum, D. R. (2016). Psikologi anak berkebutuhan khusus (1st ed.; G. Ilmu, Ed.). Yogyakarta: Psikosains.
16. Duan, G., Chen, J., Zhang, W., Yu, B., Jin, Y., Wang, Y., & Yao, M. (2015). Physical maltreatment of children with autism in Henan province in China: A cross-sectional study. *Child Abuse and Neglect*, 48, 140–147.
17. Dupper, D. R., Forrest-Bank, S., & Lowry-Carusillo, A. (2015). Experiences of religious minorities in public school settings: Findings from focus groups involving Muslim, Jewish, Catholic, and Unitarian Universalist youths. *Children and Schools*, 37(1), 37–45.
18. Etournaud, A. (2017). Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: Investigation into best practice intervention. Bond University.
19. Farrugia, D. (2009). Exploring stigma: Medical knowledge and the stigmatization of parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. *Sociology of Health and Illness*, 31(7), 1011–1027.
20. Feldman, C., & Kuyken, W. (2011). Compassion in the landscape of suffering. *Contemporary Buddhism*, 12(1), 143–155.
21. Forrest-Bank, S. S., & Dupper, D. R. (2016). A qualitative study of coping with religious minority status in public schools. *Children and Youth Services Review*, 61, 261–270.
22. Gilbert, P. (2010). The compassionate mind. London: Constable & Robinson Ltd.
23. Gilbert, P. (2009). An introduction to compassion focused therapy. *Advances in Psychiatric Treatment*, 15(2), 199–208.
24. Gray, D. E. (2003). Gender and coping: The parents of children with high functioning autism. *Social Science and Medicine*, 56(3), 631–642.
25. Greenberg, J. S., Seltzer, M. M., Krauss, M. W., Chou, R. J., & Hong, J. (2004). The effect of quality of the relationship between mothers and adult children with schizophrenia, autism, or down syndrome on maternal well-being: The mediating role of optimism. *The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry*, 74(1), 14–25.
26. Hartley, S. L., Barker, E. T., Seltzer, M. M., Floyd, F., Greenberg, J., Orsmond, G., & Bolt, D. (2010). The relative risk and timing of divorce in families of children with an autism spectrum disorder. *Journal of Family Psychology*, 24(4), 449–457.
27. Herring, S., Gray, K. M., Taffe, J., Tonge, B., Sweeney, D., & Einfeld, S. (2006). Behavior and emotional problems in toddlers with pervasive developmental disorders and developmental delay: Associations with parental mental health and family functioning. *Journal of Intellectual Disability Research*, 50(12), 874–882.
28. Huber, S., & Huber, O. W. (2012). The Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS). *Religions*, 3(3), 710–724.
29. Jalaluddin. (2012). Psikologi agama. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada.
30. Joseph, S., & DiDuca, D. (2007). The dimensions of religiosity scale: 20-item self-report measure of religious preoccupation, guidance, conviction, and emotional involvement. *Mental Health, Religion and Culture*, 10(6), 603–608.
31. Kearney, D. J., Malte, C. A., McManus, C., Martinez, M. E., Felleman, B., & Simpson, T. L. (2009). Loving-kindness meditation for posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study. *Journal of Traumatic Stress*, 26(5), 426–434.
32. Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. *Journal of Personality and Social Psychology*, 82(6), 1007–1022.
33. Kirk, E., & Sharma, S. (2017). Mind-mindedness in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. *Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders*, 43–44(October 2016), 18–26.
34. Koenig, H. G. (2009). Research on religion, spirituality, and mental health: A review. *Canadian Journal of Psychiatry*, 54(5), 283–291.
35. Koenig, H. G., George, L. K., & Titus, P. (2004). Religion, spirituality, and health in medically ill hospitalized older patients. *Journal of the American Geriatrics Society*, 52(4), 554–562.
36. Lau, W. Y. P., Peterson, C. C., Attwood, T., Garnett, M. S., & Kelly, A. B. (2016). Parents on the autism continuum: Links with parenting efficacy. *Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders*, 26, 57–64.
37. Martins, D., Nicholas, N. A., Shaheen
, M., Jones, L., & Norris, K. (2012). The development and evaluation of a compassion scale. *Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved*, 24(3), 1235–1246.
38. McCabe, H. (2015). Parent advocacy in the face of autism in the People’s Republic of China. *Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders*, 15–16(2), 16–23.
39. Montgomery, C. (2013). Developing empathy through caring for a class pet. *YC Young Children*, 68(1), 42–45.
40. Mueller, B. R., & Tronick, E. (2010). Early stress has lifelong effects. *Neuron*, 65(5), 755–757.
41. Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. *Self and Identity*, 2(3), 223–250.
42. Neff, K. D., & Faso, D. J. (2015). Self-compassion and well-being in parents of children with autism. *Mindfulness*, 6(4), 938–947.
43. Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. *Journal of Clinical Psychology*, 69(1), 28–44.
44. Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. *Self and Identity*, 9(3), 225–240.
45. Neff, K. D., & Seppälä, E. M. (2014). Compassion, well-being, and the hypoegoic self. In J. Gruber & J. Moskowitz (Eds.), *Positive emotion: Integrating the light sides and dark sides* (pp. 373–392). Oxford University Press.
46. Neff, K. D., Pisitsungkagarn, K., & Hsieh, Y. P. (2008). Self-compassion and self-construal in the United States, Thailand, and Taiwan. *Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology*, 39(3), 267–285.
47. Pakenham, K. I., Samios, C., & Sofronoff, K. (2005). Adjustment in mothers of children with Asperger syndrome: An application of the double ABCX model of family adjustment. *Autism*, 9(2), 191–212.
48. Patil, M. (2015). Awareness and impact of autism on the parents of autistic children. *Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences*, 20(3), 321–332.
49. Perry, A. (2004). A model of stress in families of children with developmental disabilities: Clinical and research applications. *Journal on Developmental Disabilities*, 10(1), 1–16.
50. Petrowski, K., Brähler, E., Zenger, M., & Strauss, B. (2014). The relationship of parental rearing behavior and resilience as well as psychological symptoms in a representative sample. *Health and Quality of Life Outcomes*, 12(1), 95.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
