Horses, Mindfulness and the Natural Environment: Observations From a Qualitative Study with At-Risk Young People Participating in Therapeutic Horsemanship

Authors

  • Hannah Louise Burgon Dr Cardiff University, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff, UK Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61841/nf0jft79

Keywords:

Equine-Assisted Learning, Equine-Assisted Therapy, Mindfulness, At-Risk Young People,, Nature Therapy; Ecotherapy

Abstract

The field of Equine-Assisted Learning and Equine-Assisted Therapy (EAL/T) where horses are co-facilitators in therapeut- ic and learning interventions claims to offer valuable benefits for young people and adults experiencing psychosocial diffi- culties. Some of the reported positive outcomes from participating in EAL/T include growths in self-confidence and self- esteem, increasing self-awareness and behaviour modification, building trust and attachment, and a host of other physical and mental health benefits. However, the area of how being with horses may enable participants to experience benefits from the natural environment together with aspects of mindfulness has received little attention. This paper is drawn from a qualitative, ethnographic, doctoral research study with seven “at-risk” young people aged between 11-21 years participat- ing in a Therapeutic Horsemanship programme in the UK. In addition to similar themes identified above the study found benefits related to the mindfulness and nature therapy literature. These included “being calm” and relaxation, being “in the moment”, psychospiritual aspects of “feeling free”, and links to theories of “emotion regulation” and “authentic function- ing” (Chambers et al. 2009; Heppner and Kernis 2007). The study has clinical implications to the fields of social work and psychotherapy as it suggests that horses may offer a valuable additional intervention for “at-risk” young people who may benefit from alternative therapeutic and learning experiences.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

All, A., Loving, G. and Crane, L. (1999) Animals, Horseback Riding and Implications for Rehabilitation Therapy. Journal of Rehabilita- tion, 65, 49-87

Baer, R. (2006). (Ed.) Mindfulness-based treatment approaches: Clinicians guide to evidence base and applications. London: Academic Press.

Bass, M., Duchowny, C. and Llabre, M. (2009) The Effect of Therapeutic Horseback Riding on Social Functioning in Children with Autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 1261-1267

Bentley, J (2001) Riding Success without Stress: Introducing the Alexander Technique. London: JA Allen

Berger, R. and McLeod, J. (2006) Incorporating Nature into Therapy: A Framework for Practice. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 25, 80- 94

Biegel, G., Brown, K., Shapiro, S. and Schubert, C. (2009) Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for the Treatment of Adolescent Psy- chiatric Outpatients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 855-866

Birke, L. (2008) Talking about Horses: Control and Freedom in the World of “Natural Horsemanship”. Society & Animals, 16, 107-126

Bizub, A., Joy, A., and Davidson, L. (2003) “It’s like being in another world”: Demonstrating the Benefits of Therapeutic Horseback Riding for Individuals with Psychiatric Disability. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 26, 377-384

Brandt, K. (2004) A Language of Their Own: An Interactionist Approach to Human-Horse Communication. Society and Animals, 12, 299-316

Brown, K. and Ryan, R. (2003) The Benefits of Being Present: Mindfulness and Its Role in Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Per- sonality and Social Psychology, 84, 822-848

Brown, K., Ryan, R. and Creswell, D. (2007) “Mindfulness: Theoretical Foundations and Evidence for its Salutary Effects”. Psycholo- gical Inquiry, 18, 211-237

Burgon, H. (2003) Case studies of adults receiving horse riding therapy. Anthrozoos, 16, 263-276

Burgon, H (2011) “Queen of the World”: Experiences of At-Risk Young People Participating in Equine-Assisted Learning/Therapy. Journal of Social Work Practice, 25, 165-183

Cahalan, W. (1995) Ecological Groundedness in Gestalt Therapy. In T. Roszak, M. Gomes, M. and A. Kanner (Eds.) Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth, Healing the Mind. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books

Chambers, R., Gullone. and Allen, N. (2009) Mindful emotion regulation: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 560- 572

Chardonnens, E. (2009) The Use of Animals as Co-Therapists on a Farm: The Child-Horse Bond in Person-Centred Equine-Assisted Psychotherapy. Person Centred and Experimental Psychotherapies, 8, 319-332

Chamberlin, J. (2007) Horse: How The Horse Has Changed Civilisations. Oxford: Signal

Clarke, S. and Hoggett, P. (Eds.) (2009) Researching Beneath the Surface: Psycho-Social Research Methods in Practice. London: Kar- nac

Coffey, A. and Atkinson, P. (1996) Making Sense of Qualitative Data: Complementary Research Strategies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Coleman, M. (2006) Awake In The Wild: Mindfulness in Nature as a Path of Self-Discovery. Novato, CA: New World Library Denzin, N. and Lincoln, Y. (2002) The Qualitative Inquiry Reader. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Evans, R. and Franklin, A. (2010) Equine Beats: Unique Rhythms (And Floating Harmony) Of Horses And Their Riders. In T. Edensor, (Ed.) Geographies of Rhythm, Nature, Place, Mobility and Bodies. Aldershot: Ashgate

Ewing, C., MacDonald, P., Taylor, M. and Bowers, J. (2007) Equine-Facilitated Learning for Youths with Severe Emotional Disorders: A Quantitative and Qualitative Study. Child Youth Care Forum, 36, 59-72

Game, A. (2001) Riding: Embodying the Centaur. Body & Society, 7, 1-12

Gammage, D. (2008) Case study 2: Equine-assisted therapy, Counselling children and young people. BACP quarterly journal, March, p.5

Garcia, D. (2010) Of Equines and Humans: Toward a New Ecology. Ecopsychology, 2, 85-89

Germer, C., Siegel, R. and Fulton, P. (Eds.) (2005) Mindfulness and Psychotherapy. New York: The Guildford Press

Geertz, C. (1973) Thick description: toward an interpretive theory of culture. In The interpretation of cultures: selected essays. New York: Basic Books

Germer, C. (2005) Mindfulness: What Is It? What Does It Matter? In C. Germer, R. Siegel, and P. Fulton (Eds.), Mindfulness and Psy- chotherapy. New York: The Guildford Press

Goldman, B & Kernis, M. (2002) The role of authenticity in healthy psychological functioning and subjective well-being, Annals of the American Psychotherapy Assn, 5, 18-20

Goodman, T. (2005) Working with Children: Beginner”s Mind. In C. Germer, R. Siegel, and P. Fulton., (Eds.), Mindfulness and Psy- chotherapy. New York: The Guildford Press

Gubrium, J. and Holstein, J. (1997) The New Language of Qualitative Method. New York: Oxford University Press Halliwell, E. (2010) Mindfulness Report 2010. London: Mental Health Foundation

Hallberg, L (2008) Walking The Way Of The Horse: Exploring The Power Of The Horse-Human Relationship. New York: iUniverse Inc

Henn, M.,Weinstein, M. and Foard, N. (2006) a short introduction to Social Research. London: Sage

Heppner, W. And Kernis, M. (2007) “Quiet Ego” Functioning: The Complementary Roles of Mindfulness, Authenticity, and Secure High Self-Esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 248-251

Heppner, W., Kernis, M, Lakey, C, Keith Campbell, W., Goldman, B., Davies, P. and Cascio, E. (2008) Mindfulness as a Means of Re- ducing Aggressive Behavior: Dispositional and Situational Evidence. Aggressive Behavior, 34, 486-496

Hollway, W. (2009) Applying The “Experience-Near” Principle to Research; Psychoanalytically Informed Methods. Journal of Social Work Practice, 23, 461-474

Kabat-Zinn, J (1990) Full catastrophe living: The program of the Stress Reduction Clinic at the University of Massachusetts Medical Centre. New York: Dell

Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever You Go, There You Are: Mindfulness meditation for everyday life. New York: Hyperion

Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 144-156

Kabat-Zinn, J., Massion, A., Kristeller, J., Peterson, K., Fletcher, K. Pbert, L., Lenderking, W. and Santorelli, S. (1992). Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 936-943

Kaiser, L., Spence, J., Lavergne, A. And Bosch, K. (2004) Can a week of therapeutic riding make a difference? - A pilot study. Anthro- zoos, 17, 63-72

Karol, J. (2007) Applying a Traditional Individual Psychotherapy Model to Equine-facilitated Psychotherapy (EFP): Theory and Meth- od. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 12, 77- 90

Kaplan, S. (1995) The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 169- 182

Kellert, S. and Wilson, E. (Eds.) (1993) The Biophilia Hypothesis. Washington: Island Press

Kellert, S. (2002) Experiencing Nature: Affective, Cognitive, and Evaluative Development in Children. In P. Kahn and S. Kellert (Eds.), Children and Nature: Psychological, Sociocultural and Evolutionary Investigations, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press

Kohanov, L. (2001) The Tao of Equus: a woman”s journey of healing and transformation through the way of the horse. Novato, CA: New World Library

Korpela, K., Hartig, T., Kaiser, F. and Fuhrer, U. (2001) Restorative Experience and Self-Regulation in Favorite Places. Environment and Behavior, 33, 572-589

Latimer, J. and Birke, L. (2009) Natural Relations: horses, knowledge and technology. The Sociological Review, 57, 1-27

Lentini, J. and Knox, M. (2009) A Qualitative and Quantitative Review of Equine Facilitated Psychotherapy (EFP) with Children and Adolescents. The Open Complementary Medicine Journal, 1, 51-57

Lovelock, J. (1979) Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth. New York: Oxford University Press

Louv, R. (2008) Last Child in the Woods: saving our children from nature-deficit disorder. (2nd ed.). Alonquin: Chapel Hill

Mason, O. and Hargreaves, I. (2001) A qualitative study of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression. British Journal of Med- ical Psychology, 74, 197-212

Masten, A, Best, K. & Garmezy, N. (1990) Resilence and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome ad- versity, Development and Psychopathology, 2, 425-444

Mayberry, R (1978) The Mystique of the Horse is Strong Medicine: Riding as Therapeutic Recreation. Rehabilitation Literature, 38, 192-196

McCormick, A. and McCormick, M. (1997) Horse Sense and the Human Heart; What Horses Can Teach Us About Trust, Bonding, Cre- ativity and Spirituality. Florida: Health Communications Inc

McCormick, A., McCormick, M. and McCormick, T. (2004) Horses and the Mystical Path: The Celtic Way of Expanding the Human Soul: Novato, CA: New World Library

Misra, M., Pacaud, D., Petryk, A., Collett-Solberg, P. F., and Kappy, M. (2008) Vitamin D deficiency in children and its management: Review of current knowledge and recommendations. Pediatrics, 122, 398-417

Moustakas, C. (1990) Heuristic Research: Design, Methodology and Applications. London: Sage

Muñoz, S. (2009) Children in the outdoors: a literature review. Forres, Scotland; Sustainable Development Research Centre, available online at http://www.countrysiderecreation.org.uk/Children%20Outdoors.pdf [accessed 17/1/2011]

Nebbe, L. (2000) Nature Therapy. In A. Fine (Ed.) Handbook on Animal-Assisted Therapy: theoretical foundations and guidelines for practice. San Diego, CA: Academic Press

Payne, G. and Williams, M. (2005) Generalization in Qualitative Research. 39, 295-314 Philo, C. and Wilbert, C. (2000) Animal Spaces, Beastly Places. London: Routledge

Rashid, M. (2004) Horses never Lie: the heart of passive leadership. Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles Rees, L. (1984) The Horse”s Mind. London: Stanley Paul

Rolfe, J. (2007) Ride from the Heart: The Art of Communication between Horse and Rider. London: JA Allen

Roszak, T., Gomes, M. and Kanner, A. (Eds.) (1995) Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth, Healing the Mind. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books

Rutter, M. (1985) Resilience in the face of adversity: protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder, British Journal of Psychi-

atry, 147, 598-611

Schonert-Reichl, K and Lawlor, M (2010) The Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Education Program on Pre- and Early Adolescents’ Well-Being and Social and Emotional Competence. Mindfulness, 1, 137-151

Schultz, P., Remick-Barlow, G. and Robbins, L. (2007) Equine-assisted Psychotherapy: a mental health promotion/intervention modal- ity for children who have experienced intra-family violence. Health and Social Care in the Community, 15, 265-271

Segal, Z., Williams, J. and Teasdale, J. (2002). Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for depression: a new approach to preventing re- lapse. London: Guildford press.

Shaver, P., Lavy, S., Saron, C and Mikulincer, M. (2007) Social Foundations of the Capacity for Mindfulness: An Attachment Perspect- ive. Psychological Inquiry. 18, 264-271

Silverman, D. (2005) Doing Qualitative Research (2nd ed.) London: Sage.

Singh, N, Lancioni, G, Winton, A, Wahler, R, Singh, J and Sage, M. (2004) Mindful caregiving increases happiness among individuals with profound multiple disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 25, 207-218

Taylor, A., Kuo, F. and Sullivan, W. (2001) Coping with add: The Surprising Connection to Green Play Settings. Environment and Be- haviour, 33, 54-77

Teasdale, J., Williams, J., Soulsby, J., Segal, Z., Ridgeway, V. and Lau, M. (2000) Prevention of Relapse/Recurrence in Major Depres- sion by Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy. Journal of Counselling and Clinical Psychology, 68, 615-623

Tottle, S. (1998) Bodysense: Revolutionize your Riding with the Alexander Technique. North Pomfret, Vermont: Trafalgar Square Books

Trotter, K., Chandler, C., Goodwin, D. and Casey, J. (2008) A Comparative Study of the Efficacy of Group Equine Assisted Coun- selling With At-Risk Children and Adolescents. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 3, 254-284

Vidrine, M., Owen-Smith, P. and Faulkner, P. (2002) Equine-Facilitated Group Psychotherapy: applications for therapeutic Vaulting. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 23, 587-603

Wagner, E., Rathus, J. and Miller, A. (2006) Mindfulness in Dialectical Behavior Therapy For Adolescents. In R. Baer (Ed.) Mindful- ness-based treatment approaches: Clinicians guide to evidence base and applications. London: Academic Press

Wals, A. (1994) Nobody Planted It, It Just Grew! Young Adolescents” Perceptions and Experiences of Nature in the Context of Urban Environmental Education. Children’s Environments, 11, 1-27

Yorke, J., Adams, C. and Coady. N (2008) Therapeutic Value of Equine-Human Bonding in Recovery from Trauma. Anthrozoos, 21, 17-30

Zylowska, L., Ackerman, D., Yang, M., Futrell, J., Horton, N., Hale, T., Pataki, C. and Smalley, S. (2008) Mindfulness Meditation Training in Adults and Adolescents With ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11, 737-746

Downloads

Published

31.12.2013

How to Cite

Dr , H. L. B. (2013). Horses, Mindfulness and the Natural Environment: Observations From a Qualitative Study with At-Risk Young People Participating in Therapeutic Horsemanship. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 17(No. 2), 51-68. https://doi.org/10.61841/nf0jft79