Horses, Mindfulness and the Natural Environment: Observations From a Qualitative Study with At-Risk Young People Participating in Therapeutic Horsemanship
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/nf0jft79Keywords:
Equine-Assisted Learning, Equine-Assisted Therapy, Mindfulness, At-Risk Young People,, Nature Therapy; EcotherapyAbstract
The field of Equine-Assisted Learning and Equine-Assisted Therapy (EAL/T) where horses are co-facilitators in therapeut- ic and learning interventions claims to offer valuable benefits for young people and adults experiencing psychosocial diffi- culties. Some of the reported positive outcomes from participating in EAL/T include growths in self-confidence and self- esteem, increasing self-awareness and behaviour modification, building trust and attachment, and a host of other physical and mental health benefits. However, the area of how being with horses may enable participants to experience benefits from the natural environment together with aspects of mindfulness has received little attention. This paper is drawn from a qualitative, ethnographic, doctoral research study with seven “at-risk” young people aged between 11-21 years participat- ing in a Therapeutic Horsemanship programme in the UK. In addition to similar themes identified above the study found benefits related to the mindfulness and nature therapy literature. These included “being calm” and relaxation, being “in the moment”, psychospiritual aspects of “feeling free”, and links to theories of “emotion regulation” and “authentic function- ing” (Chambers et al. 2009; Heppner and Kernis 2007). The study has clinical implications to the fields of social work and psychotherapy as it suggests that horses may offer a valuable additional intervention for “at-risk” young people who may benefit from alternative therapeutic and learning experiences.
Downloads
References
All, A., Loving, G. and Crane, L. (1999) Animals, Horseback Riding and Implications for Rehabilitation Therapy. Journal of Rehabilita- tion, 65, 49-87
Baer, R. (2006). (Ed.) Mindfulness-based treatment approaches: Clinicians guide to evidence base and applications. London: Academic Press.
Bass, M., Duchowny, C. and Llabre, M. (2009) The Effect of Therapeutic Horseback Riding on Social Functioning in Children with Autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 1261-1267
Bentley, J (2001) Riding Success without Stress: Introducing the Alexander Technique. London: JA Allen
Berger, R. and McLeod, J. (2006) Incorporating Nature into Therapy: A Framework for Practice. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 25, 80- 94
Biegel, G., Brown, K., Shapiro, S. and Schubert, C. (2009) Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for the Treatment of Adolescent Psy- chiatric Outpatients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 855-866
Birke, L. (2008) Talking about Horses: Control and Freedom in the World of “Natural Horsemanship”. Society & Animals, 16, 107-126
Bizub, A., Joy, A., and Davidson, L. (2003) “It’s like being in another world”: Demonstrating the Benefits of Therapeutic Horseback Riding for Individuals with Psychiatric Disability. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 26, 377-384
Brandt, K. (2004) A Language of Their Own: An Interactionist Approach to Human-Horse Communication. Society and Animals, 12, 299-316
Brown, K. and Ryan, R. (2003) The Benefits of Being Present: Mindfulness and Its Role in Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Per- sonality and Social Psychology, 84, 822-848
Brown, K., Ryan, R. and Creswell, D. (2007) “Mindfulness: Theoretical Foundations and Evidence for its Salutary Effects”. Psycholo- gical Inquiry, 18, 211-237
Burgon, H. (2003) Case studies of adults receiving horse riding therapy. Anthrozoos, 16, 263-276
Burgon, H (2011) “Queen of the World”: Experiences of At-Risk Young People Participating in Equine-Assisted Learning/Therapy. Journal of Social Work Practice, 25, 165-183
Cahalan, W. (1995) Ecological Groundedness in Gestalt Therapy. In T. Roszak, M. Gomes, M. and A. Kanner (Eds.) Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth, Healing the Mind. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books
Chambers, R., Gullone. and Allen, N. (2009) Mindful emotion regulation: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 560- 572
Chardonnens, E. (2009) The Use of Animals as Co-Therapists on a Farm: The Child-Horse Bond in Person-Centred Equine-Assisted Psychotherapy. Person Centred and Experimental Psychotherapies, 8, 319-332
Chamberlin, J. (2007) Horse: How The Horse Has Changed Civilisations. Oxford: Signal
Clarke, S. and Hoggett, P. (Eds.) (2009) Researching Beneath the Surface: Psycho-Social Research Methods in Practice. London: Kar- nac
Coffey, A. and Atkinson, P. (1996) Making Sense of Qualitative Data: Complementary Research Strategies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Coleman, M. (2006) Awake In The Wild: Mindfulness in Nature as a Path of Self-Discovery. Novato, CA: New World Library Denzin, N. and Lincoln, Y. (2002) The Qualitative Inquiry Reader. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Evans, R. and Franklin, A. (2010) Equine Beats: Unique Rhythms (And Floating Harmony) Of Horses And Their Riders. In T. Edensor, (Ed.) Geographies of Rhythm, Nature, Place, Mobility and Bodies. Aldershot: Ashgate
Ewing, C., MacDonald, P., Taylor, M. and Bowers, J. (2007) Equine-Facilitated Learning for Youths with Severe Emotional Disorders: A Quantitative and Qualitative Study. Child Youth Care Forum, 36, 59-72
Game, A. (2001) Riding: Embodying the Centaur. Body & Society, 7, 1-12
Gammage, D. (2008) Case study 2: Equine-assisted therapy, Counselling children and young people. BACP quarterly journal, March, p.5
Garcia, D. (2010) Of Equines and Humans: Toward a New Ecology. Ecopsychology, 2, 85-89
Germer, C., Siegel, R. and Fulton, P. (Eds.) (2005) Mindfulness and Psychotherapy. New York: The Guildford Press
Geertz, C. (1973) Thick description: toward an interpretive theory of culture. In The interpretation of cultures: selected essays. New York: Basic Books
Germer, C. (2005) Mindfulness: What Is It? What Does It Matter? In C. Germer, R. Siegel, and P. Fulton (Eds.), Mindfulness and Psy- chotherapy. New York: The Guildford Press
Goldman, B & Kernis, M. (2002) The role of authenticity in healthy psychological functioning and subjective well-being, Annals of the American Psychotherapy Assn, 5, 18-20
Goodman, T. (2005) Working with Children: Beginner”s Mind. In C. Germer, R. Siegel, and P. Fulton., (Eds.), Mindfulness and Psy- chotherapy. New York: The Guildford Press
Gubrium, J. and Holstein, J. (1997) The New Language of Qualitative Method. New York: Oxford University Press Halliwell, E. (2010) Mindfulness Report 2010. London: Mental Health Foundation
Hallberg, L (2008) Walking The Way Of The Horse: Exploring The Power Of The Horse-Human Relationship. New York: iUniverse Inc
Henn, M.,Weinstein, M. and Foard, N. (2006) a short introduction to Social Research. London: Sage
Heppner, W. And Kernis, M. (2007) “Quiet Ego” Functioning: The Complementary Roles of Mindfulness, Authenticity, and Secure High Self-Esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 248-251
Heppner, W., Kernis, M, Lakey, C, Keith Campbell, W., Goldman, B., Davies, P. and Cascio, E. (2008) Mindfulness as a Means of Re- ducing Aggressive Behavior: Dispositional and Situational Evidence. Aggressive Behavior, 34, 486-496
Hollway, W. (2009) Applying The “Experience-Near” Principle to Research; Psychoanalytically Informed Methods. Journal of Social Work Practice, 23, 461-474
Kabat-Zinn, J (1990) Full catastrophe living: The program of the Stress Reduction Clinic at the University of Massachusetts Medical Centre. New York: Dell
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever You Go, There You Are: Mindfulness meditation for everyday life. New York: Hyperion
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 144-156
Kabat-Zinn, J., Massion, A., Kristeller, J., Peterson, K., Fletcher, K. Pbert, L., Lenderking, W. and Santorelli, S. (1992). Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 936-943
Kaiser, L., Spence, J., Lavergne, A. And Bosch, K. (2004) Can a week of therapeutic riding make a difference? - A pilot study. Anthro- zoos, 17, 63-72
Karol, J. (2007) Applying a Traditional Individual Psychotherapy Model to Equine-facilitated Psychotherapy (EFP): Theory and Meth- od. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 12, 77- 90
Kaplan, S. (1995) The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 169- 182
Kellert, S. and Wilson, E. (Eds.) (1993) The Biophilia Hypothesis. Washington: Island Press
Kellert, S. (2002) Experiencing Nature: Affective, Cognitive, and Evaluative Development in Children. In P. Kahn and S. Kellert (Eds.), Children and Nature: Psychological, Sociocultural and Evolutionary Investigations, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press
Kohanov, L. (2001) The Tao of Equus: a woman”s journey of healing and transformation through the way of the horse. Novato, CA: New World Library
Korpela, K., Hartig, T., Kaiser, F. and Fuhrer, U. (2001) Restorative Experience and Self-Regulation in Favorite Places. Environment and Behavior, 33, 572-589
Latimer, J. and Birke, L. (2009) Natural Relations: horses, knowledge and technology. The Sociological Review, 57, 1-27
Lentini, J. and Knox, M. (2009) A Qualitative and Quantitative Review of Equine Facilitated Psychotherapy (EFP) with Children and Adolescents. The Open Complementary Medicine Journal, 1, 51-57
Lovelock, J. (1979) Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth. New York: Oxford University Press
Louv, R. (2008) Last Child in the Woods: saving our children from nature-deficit disorder. (2nd ed.). Alonquin: Chapel Hill
Mason, O. and Hargreaves, I. (2001) A qualitative study of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression. British Journal of Med- ical Psychology, 74, 197-212
Masten, A, Best, K. & Garmezy, N. (1990) Resilence and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome ad- versity, Development and Psychopathology, 2, 425-444
Mayberry, R (1978) The Mystique of the Horse is Strong Medicine: Riding as Therapeutic Recreation. Rehabilitation Literature, 38, 192-196
McCormick, A. and McCormick, M. (1997) Horse Sense and the Human Heart; What Horses Can Teach Us About Trust, Bonding, Cre- ativity and Spirituality. Florida: Health Communications Inc
McCormick, A., McCormick, M. and McCormick, T. (2004) Horses and the Mystical Path: The Celtic Way of Expanding the Human Soul: Novato, CA: New World Library
Misra, M., Pacaud, D., Petryk, A., Collett-Solberg, P. F., and Kappy, M. (2008) Vitamin D deficiency in children and its management: Review of current knowledge and recommendations. Pediatrics, 122, 398-417
Moustakas, C. (1990) Heuristic Research: Design, Methodology and Applications. London: Sage
Muñoz, S. (2009) Children in the outdoors: a literature review. Forres, Scotland; Sustainable Development Research Centre, available online at http://www.countrysiderecreation.org.uk/Children%20Outdoors.pdf [accessed 17/1/2011]
Nebbe, L. (2000) Nature Therapy. In A. Fine (Ed.) Handbook on Animal-Assisted Therapy: theoretical foundations and guidelines for practice. San Diego, CA: Academic Press
Payne, G. and Williams, M. (2005) Generalization in Qualitative Research. 39, 295-314 Philo, C. and Wilbert, C. (2000) Animal Spaces, Beastly Places. London: Routledge
Rashid, M. (2004) Horses never Lie: the heart of passive leadership. Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles Rees, L. (1984) The Horse”s Mind. London: Stanley Paul
Rolfe, J. (2007) Ride from the Heart: The Art of Communication between Horse and Rider. London: JA Allen
Roszak, T., Gomes, M. and Kanner, A. (Eds.) (1995) Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth, Healing the Mind. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books
Rutter, M. (1985) Resilience in the face of adversity: protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder, British Journal of Psychi-
atry, 147, 598-611
Schonert-Reichl, K and Lawlor, M (2010) The Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Education Program on Pre- and Early Adolescents’ Well-Being and Social and Emotional Competence. Mindfulness, 1, 137-151
Schultz, P., Remick-Barlow, G. and Robbins, L. (2007) Equine-assisted Psychotherapy: a mental health promotion/intervention modal- ity for children who have experienced intra-family violence. Health and Social Care in the Community, 15, 265-271
Segal, Z., Williams, J. and Teasdale, J. (2002). Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for depression: a new approach to preventing re- lapse. London: Guildford press.
Shaver, P., Lavy, S., Saron, C and Mikulincer, M. (2007) Social Foundations of the Capacity for Mindfulness: An Attachment Perspect- ive. Psychological Inquiry. 18, 264-271
Silverman, D. (2005) Doing Qualitative Research (2nd ed.) London: Sage.
Singh, N, Lancioni, G, Winton, A, Wahler, R, Singh, J and Sage, M. (2004) Mindful caregiving increases happiness among individuals with profound multiple disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 25, 207-218
Taylor, A., Kuo, F. and Sullivan, W. (2001) Coping with add: The Surprising Connection to Green Play Settings. Environment and Be- haviour, 33, 54-77
Teasdale, J., Williams, J., Soulsby, J., Segal, Z., Ridgeway, V. and Lau, M. (2000) Prevention of Relapse/Recurrence in Major Depres- sion by Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy. Journal of Counselling and Clinical Psychology, 68, 615-623
Tottle, S. (1998) Bodysense: Revolutionize your Riding with the Alexander Technique. North Pomfret, Vermont: Trafalgar Square Books
Trotter, K., Chandler, C., Goodwin, D. and Casey, J. (2008) A Comparative Study of the Efficacy of Group Equine Assisted Coun- selling With At-Risk Children and Adolescents. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 3, 254-284
Vidrine, M., Owen-Smith, P. and Faulkner, P. (2002) Equine-Facilitated Group Psychotherapy: applications for therapeutic Vaulting. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 23, 587-603
Wagner, E., Rathus, J. and Miller, A. (2006) Mindfulness in Dialectical Behavior Therapy For Adolescents. In R. Baer (Ed.) Mindful- ness-based treatment approaches: Clinicians guide to evidence base and applications. London: Academic Press
Wals, A. (1994) Nobody Planted It, It Just Grew! Young Adolescents” Perceptions and Experiences of Nature in the Context of Urban Environmental Education. Children’s Environments, 11, 1-27
Yorke, J., Adams, C. and Coady. N (2008) Therapeutic Value of Equine-Human Bonding in Recovery from Trauma. Anthrozoos, 21, 17-30
Zylowska, L., Ackerman, D., Yang, M., Futrell, J., Horton, N., Hale, T., Pataki, C. and Smalley, S. (2008) Mindfulness Meditation Training in Adults and Adolescents With ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11, 737-746
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.