Stress reaction and Post-traumatic stress disorder among flood victims of Lahore- Pakistan and role of community (ROC)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/cg8kpb38Keywords:
Stress reaction, Post-traumatic stress disorder, role of community flood victims,, LahoreAbstract
Aims and Objectives: The present study investigated the relationship between stress reaction, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Role of community (ROC) among flood victims.
Sample: The stratified random sampling was used to collect total sample of 130; consisted of 100 flood victims with the age range of 18 to 40 years (M=1.52, SD=3.9) and 30 community relief group workers with the age range 30-49 from most flood affected areas of district Lahore.
Material and Method: Kessler stress reaction Scale and The Impact Event Scale-Revised were used to measure the stress reaction and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among flood victims after translating into Urdu language.
Results and Conclusion: The study found that there was a significant positive relationship between stress reaction and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Moreover Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Education emerged as significant predictors of stress reaction.
Downloads
References
Ahern, M., Kovats, R.S., Wilkinson,P., Few,R., & Matthies, F.(2005). Global health impacts of floods: epidemiologic evidence. Journal of Epidemiological Revolution, 27, 36-46.
American Psychiatric Association.(2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Amstadter, A.B.(2008).Emotion regulation and anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,22(2),211-221. doi: 10.1007/s11920-012-0262-2
Barlow, D.,& Durand,V.(2005). Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth Publishers.
Beck, A.T.(1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper & Row Publishers. Becker, M. H., & Rosenstock, I. M. (1984). Compliance with medical advice.Health care and human behavior, 175-208. Bruhn, J. G. (2005). The sociology of community connections. New York: Springer Publications.
Calvin, S.H.(1979). A Primer of Freudian Psychology: A Mentor Book. Pennsylvania State University: New American Library.
Chou, F.H., Chou, P., Su, T.T, Ou-Yung.W.C., Chein, I.C., Lu, M.K.,&Huang, M.W.(2004).Survey of quality of life and related risk factors for a Taiwanese village population 21 months after an earthquake. Australian Journal of Psychiatry,38, 358-364.doi : 10.1111/j.1440-1614.2006.01802
Crabtree, A. (2012). Climate change and mental health following flood disasters in developing countries, A review of the epidemiological literature: What do we know, what is being recommended?. The Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 1, 21-29. Retrieved from http://trauma.massey.ac.nz/issues/2012-1/AJDTS_2012-1_Crabtree.pdf
Dunmore, E., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2001). A prospective investigation of the role of cognitive factors in persistent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after physical or sexual assault. Behavior Research and Therapy, 39(9), 1063- 1084.doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00088-7
Durkin,M.E.( 1993).Major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder following the Coalinga (California) and Chile earthquake: A cross sectional comparison. In R. Allen (Ed.), Handbook of disaster intervention. New York: Springer Publications.
Ehlers, A. & Clark, D.M. (2000). A cognitive model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Behavior Research and Therapy, 38, 319-345.doi: S00057967(99)00123
Fistein, E., Bhamani, A., Sobani, Z.A., Baqir, M., Bham, N.S. & Beg, M.A. (2012).‘Mental health in the wake of flooding in Pakistan: An ongoing humanitarian crisis’Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 22(1), 66-
68. Retrieved from http://jcpsp.pk/archive/2012/Jan2012/21.pdf
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2003).Non-Human Antimicrobial Usage and Antimicrobial Resistance:Scientific assessment. Retrieved from http://www.who. int/foodsafety/publications/micro/en/amr.pdf
Fritz, C. E. (1961).Contemporary social problems:An introduction to the sociology deviant behavior and social disorganization. New York: Harcout.
Green, B. L., & Lindy, J. D. (1994). Post-traumatic stress disorder in victims of disasters. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa .org/psycinfo/1994-45429-001
Hidalgo, R. B., & Davidson, J. R. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder: epidemiology and health-related considerations. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2000-15466-001
Horwitz, A.V & Scheid, T.L. (1999) Approaches to mental health and illness: Conflicting definitions and emphases: Handbook for the study of mental health. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Johari, J. & Marzuki, N.A. (2013).Relating Stress, Anxiety and Depression among Flood Victims Quality of Life in Malaysia: A Theoretical Perspective. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 3(6), 543-547 doi: 10.7763/IJSSH.2013.V3.
Kaplan, H.B.(1980).Psychological Stress: Trend in Theory and Research. NY:Academic Press
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age- of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593-602. Retrieved from http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=208678
Khattak, S. R., & Khattak, S. U.(2014). Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Flood Affected Population of Banda Sheikh Ismail, District Nowshera. Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute (Peshawar-Pakistan), 28(1). Retrieved from http://www.jp mi.org.pk/index.php/jpmi/article/vie w/1443/1440
Lazarus, P. J., Jimerson, S. R., & Brock, S. E. (2003). Responding to natural disasters: Helping children and families. National Association of School Psychologists. Retrieved from http://m.georgiadisaster.info/GeneralPublic/GP09%20ChildResponse/Responding%20to%20Natural
%20Disasters.pdf
Liu, A., Tan, H., Zhou, J., Li, S., Yang, T., Wang, J., Liu, J.,&….. Wen, S.W. (2006).An epidemiologic study of posttraumatic stress disorder in flood victims in Hunan China.Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(6), 350-
354.PMID:16786815
Mandler, G. & Watson, D.L. (1996).Anxiety and the intruption of behaviour.In C.D. Spielberger (Ed) Anxiety and behavior. New York:Academic Press.
Meyer, H., Taiminen, T., Vuori, T., Äijälä, A., & Helenius, H. (1999). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms related to psychosis and involuntary hospitalization in schizophrenic and delusional patients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187(6), 343-352. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Abstract/1999/06000
Meyer, M. A. (2013). Social capital and collective efficacy for disaster resilience: Connecting individuals with communities and vulnerability with resilience in Hurricane-prone Communities in Florida (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Colorado State University.
Mirowsky,J. & Ross,C.E. (2013).Social Causes of stress reaction. New York: Walter de Gruyter.Inc.
Nasir, R., Zainah, A.Z.,& Khairudin, R.(2012).Psychological Effects on Victims of the Johor Flood 2006/2007.Journal of Asia Social Science, 8(8).doi:10.5539/ass.v8 n8p126
National Mental Health Association-NMHA. (2003).Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder. Retrieved from http://www.nmha.org Neria, Y., Nandi, A., & Galea, S. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: a systematic
review. Psychological Medicine, 38(04), 467-480. doi:10.1017/S 00332 91707001353
National Disaster Management Authority-NDMA. (2013).Flooding and its management plans. Retrieved from http://www.ndma.org
Norris, F .H., Friedman, M, J., Watson, P.J., Byrne. C.M.,Diaz, E., & Kaniasty, K.(2002).6000 disaster victims speak- Part 1:An empirical review of the empirical literature,1981-2000.Journal of Psychiatry, 207-239. doi: 10.1521/psyc.65.3.207.20173
Otto, K., Boos, A., Dalbert, C., Schöps, D., & Hoyer, J. (2006). Posttraumatic symptoms, depression, and anxiety of flood victims: The impact of the belief in a just world. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(5), 1075-1084. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.010
Stanke, C., Murray, V., Amlôt, R., Nurse, J., & Williams, R. (2012). The effects of flooding on mental health: Outcomes and recommendations from a review of the literature. PLoS currents. PMCID: PMC3461973
Stępień, A., Małyszczak, K., Piotrowski, P., & Kiejna, A. (2007). Picture of posttraumatic stress disorder among flood victims correlated to scale of sustained loss. Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 4, 37-44. Retrieved from http://www.strona. app.nazwa.pl/uploads /images/2007
Strongman, K.T.(1995).Theory of anxiety.New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 77, 4-10. Retrieved from http://www.psychology.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/NZJP-Vol242-1995-1-Strongman.pdf
Stuart, M (2004). Understanding depression following a disaster. (Unpublished Master Thesis) Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, the University of Arizona.
Tapsell, S.M., Tunstall, S.M.,Penning-Rosell, E.C.,& Handmer, J.W.(1999). The health effects of the 1998 easter flooding in Banbury and Kidlington. Flood Hazard Research Centre, Middlesex University.
Thayer, J.F & Lane, R.D.(2000). A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 61(3), 201-216. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00338-4
The Rapid Response Plan. (2011). Flooding in Pakistan. Retrieved from https://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/media/docs/reports/Pakistan-Floods-2011-Rapid-Response- Plan.pdf
The World Bank Group. (2010). Response to Pakistan’s Floods: Evaluative Lessons and Opportunity. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/
Wahlstrom, L., Michelson, H., Schulman,A. & Backheden, M.(2008).Different type of exposure to the 2004 Tsunami are associated with different levels of stress reaction and post-traumatic stress. Journal of Traumatic Stress.21(5),463-
470. Retrieved from http://dx.doi .org/10.1002/jts. 20360
Wang, X., Gao, L., Shinfuku, N., Zhang,H., Zhao, C.,& Shen,Y.(2000). Longitudinal study of earthquake related PTSD in a randomly selected community sample in in North China. American Journal of Psychiatry, 57, 1260-1266. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.126
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
