Spiritual Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence and Contextual Performance: An Empirical Study in the Services Sector in Malaysia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/9pvtfp55Keywords:
Contextual performance, spiritual intelligence, emotional intelligence, services sectorAbstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of spiritual intelligence and emotional intelligence towards contextual performance of employees in the services sector in Malaysia. Based on a positivist philosophy and a deductive approach, primary data was collected. This was quantitative research, and a survey method was utilized. In this study, the population were employees in the services sector and the sample size was 140 employees. Convenience sampling method was used to collect data. Self-administered were distribute through internet and by hand. Descriptive and inferential statistics were generated through the SPSS version 20 statistical tool. The multiple regression analyses showed that spiritual intelligence of employees is a slightly stronger predictor of contextual performance compared to emotional intelligence. This empirical study provides additional knowledge of the effects of spiritual intelligence and emotional intelligence to human resource managers and employees. Based on the findings, organizations can develop relevant policies and make decisions relating to recruitment and training of employees.
Downloads
References
1. Aguinis, H. (2009). Performance Management, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
2. Alam, S. (2014), The relationship between spiritual intelligence and transformational. European Journal of
Experimental Biology, 4(3), 369-373
3. Aguinis, H. (2009). Performance Management, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
4. Al-Dhaafri, H. S., Rushami Zien Bin Yusoff & Abdullah Kaid Al-Swidi (2014). The Relationship between
Enterprise Resource Planning, Total Quality Management, Organizational Excellence, and Organizational
Performance-the Mediating Role of Total Quality Management and Organizational Excellence. Asian Social
Science, 10(4), pp. 159-178.
5. Alessandri, G., Borgogni, L. and Truxillo, D.M. (2015). Tracking job performance trajectories over time: A
six-year longitudinal study. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24(4), pp.560-577.
6. Ali Shah, T., Ellahi, A. (2012), Workplace spirituality, emotional intelligence and job satisfaction: Pakistani
managers in focus. International Conference on Management (2nd ICM 2012) Proceeding.International
Conference on Humanities, Economics and Geography. March, 17-18.
7. Anbugeetha, D. (2015). An analysis of the spiritual intelligence self-report inventory (SISRI).
8. International Journal of Management (IJM), 6(7), 25-36.
9. Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance. In
Busso, L. (2004). The relationship between emotional intelligence and contextual performance as influenced
by job satisfaction and locus of control orientation (Doctoral dissertation, ProQuest Information & Learning).
10. Aykan, E. (2014). Relationship between emotional competence and task contextual performance of employees. Problems of Management in the 21st Century, 9(1), 8-16.
11. Bar-On, R. (2006). The Bar-On Model of Emotional-Social Intelligence (ESI). (Online) Available from www.eiconsortium.org/pdf/baron_model_of_ emotional social intelligence. Assessed December 12, 2018
12. Bozionelos, N., & Singh, S. K. (2017). The relationship of emotional intelligence with task and contextual performance: More than it meets the linear eye. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 206-211.
13. Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (2014). Organizational citizenship behavior and contextual performance: A special issue of human performance. Psychology Press.
14. Christopher, K., Gregory, N., Alice, C. and Elizabeth, N.M. (2017). Determinants of Effectiveness of Employee Performance Appraisal System in Institution of Higher Learning: A Survey of Public Universities in Nakuru County.
15. Campbell, J. P. (1990). “Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology”, in M. D. Dunnette and L. M. Hough (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc., Palo Alto, CA., pp. 687-732.
16. Campbell, B.A., Coff, R. and Kryscynski, D. (2012). Rethinking sustained competitive advantage from human capital. Academy of Management Review, 37(3), pp.376-395.
17. Carmeli, A. (2003). The relationship between emotional intelligence and work attitudes, behavior and outcomes: An examination among senior managers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(8), 788-813.
18. Cherniss, C., Roche, C., & Barbarasch, B. (2015). Emotional Intelligence. In Encyclopedia of Mental Health: Second Edition (pp. 108–115). Elsevier Inc.
19. Cherniss, C. (2000). Emotional intelligence: What it is and why it matters. Paper presented at the Annual
20. Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, New Orleans, LA, April 15, 2000.Côté, S., & Miners, C. T. H. (2017). Emotional Intelligence, Cognitive Intelligence, and Job Performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 51(1), 1–28.
21. Devonish, D., & Greenidge, D. (2010). The effect of organizational justice on contextual performance,
counterproductive work behaviors, and task performance: Investigating the moderating role of ability‐ based
emotional intelligence. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 18(1), 75-86.
22. Emmons, R.A. (2000), Spirituality and intelligence: Problems and prospects. The International Journal for
Psychology of Religion, 1(1), 57-64.Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage.
23. Garson, G. D. (2012). Testing statistical assumptions. Asheboro, NC: Statistical Associates
Publishing.Goleman, D. (1998). What Makes a Leader?”. Harvard Business Review. 76(6). 6, pp. 93-102.
24. Greenidge, D., Devonish, D., & Alleyne, P. (2014). The Relationship Between Ability-Based
EmotionalIntelligence and Contextual Performance and Counterproductive Work Behaviors: A Test of the
Mediating Effects of Job Satisfaction. Human Performance, 27(3), 225–242.
25. Hair, J. F., Black, W.C., Babin, J.B., Anderson, R.E., & Tatham, R.L. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis, (Sixth Edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ, U.S.A: Pearson Prentice-Hall Int.
26. Hanafi, R. (2010). Spiritual Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence and Auditor‟s Performance. JAAI, 14(1), 29–40.
27. King, D. & DeCicco, T., 2009. A viable model and self-report measure of spiritual intelligence. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, Volume 28, pp. 68-85.
28. Lam, L. T., and S. L. Kirby (2002). Is emotional intelligence an advantage? An exploration of the impact of emotional and general intelligence on individual performance. Journal of Social Psychology, 142: 133–143
29. Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications (pp. 3-34). New York: Harper Collins.
30. Mayer, J. D. (2000) Spiritual Intelligence or Spiritual Consciousness? International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10:1, 47-56
31. Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2004). Emotional intelligence: Theory, findings, and implications. Psychological Inquiry, 15(3), 197-215.
32. McGhee, P., & Grant, P. (2008). Spirituality and ethical behaviour in the workplace: Wishful thinking or authentic reality. EJBO-Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies.
33. Motowildo, S. J., Borman, W. C., & Schmit, M. J. (2006). A Theory of Individual Differences in Task and Contextual Performance. Human Performance, 10(2), 71–83.
34. Motowildo, S. J., Borman, W. C., & Schmit, M. J. (1997). A theory of individual differences in task and contextual performance. Human performance, 10(2), 71-83.
35. Motowidlo, S. J., & Kell, H. J. (2012). Job performance. Handbook of Psychology, Second Edition, 12. John Wiley & Sons, Inc
36. Mohamad, M., & Jais, J. (2016). Emotional Intelligence and Job Performance: A Study among Malaysian Teachers. Procedia Economics and Finance, 35, 674–682.
37. Muhdar, H. M., Muis, M., Yusuf, R. M., & Hamid, N. (2015). The Influence of Spiritual Intelligence, Leadership, and Organizational Culture on Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Employees Performance (A Study on Islamic Banks in Makassar, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia). The International Journal of Business & Management, 3(1), 297-314.
38. Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGrawHillPandey, P., & Pandey, M. M. (2015). Research methodology: Tools and techniques. Romania: Bridge Center.
39. Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows (4th ed.). Berkshire: Open University Press.
40. Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2000). On the dimensional structure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 313 – 320.
41. Pfeffer, J. and Villeneuve, F. (1994). Competitive advantage through people: Unleashing the power of the work force (Vol. 61). Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
42. Pradhan, R.K. and Jena, L.K. (2017). Employee performance at workplace: Conceptual model and empirical validation. Business Perspectives and Research, 5(1), pp.69-85.
43. Rani, A. A., Abidin, I., & Hamid, M. R. (2013). The impact of spiritual intelligence on work performance: Case studies in government hospitals of east coast of Malaysia. The Macrotheme Review, 2(3), 46-59.
44. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2012). Research methods for business students. Essex: PearsonSingh, J. & Mahmood, H. (2018). Emotional intelligence and expatriate job performance in the ICT sector: The mediating role of cultural adjustment.. Global Business and Management Research, 9(1), pp. 230-246.
45. Singh, Y.K. (2006). Fundamentasl of Research methodology and Statistics. New Age International (P)
Limited, Publishers, New Delhi
46. Sonnentag, S., Volmer, J., & Spychala, A. (2008). Job performance. In The SAGE Handbook of
Organizational Behavior: Volume I - Micro Approaches (pp. 427–450). SAGE Publications Inc.
47. Stein, S. and Book, H. (2011). The EQ Edge: Emotional Intelligence and your Success. Nississauge:JosseyBass
Susilawati. (2010). A Review Study on Spiritual Intelligence, Adolescence and Spiritual Intelligence,Factors
that may Contribute to Individual Differences in Spiritual Intelligence and the Related Theories. Journal of
Social Sciences, 6(3), 429–438.
48. Sy, T., Tram, S., & O‟Hara, L. A. (2006). Relation of employee and manager emotional intelligence to job
satisfaction and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(3), 461–473
49. The Economic Planning Unit (2018). Transforming Services Sector, Strategy paper 18. (Online) Available
from http://whc.hdcglobal.com/cms_hdcglobal/Strategy_Paper_18.pdf (Assessed April 4, 2019)
50. The Malaysian Reserve, 2017. Productivity in services sector lacks growth, says MPC. [Online] Available at:
https://themalaysianreserve.com/2017/03/31/productivity-in-services-sector-lacks-[Accessed 28 November
2018].
51. Utomo, H. J. N., Nimran, U., Hamid, D. & Utami, H. N. (2014). The effect of spiritual and emotional
intelligence on the job satisfaction and organizational commitment: Study on salespersons of motorcycles in
special region of Yogyakarta.. International Journal of Management and Administrative Sciences, 4(1), p. 74–
83.
52. Upadhyay, S. (2017). Can Spiritual Intelligence Influence Research Performance in Higher Education?
Framework for Human Resource Development in Higher Education, Administratie si Management Public,
(28), 153-173.
53. Vaughan, F. (2002). What is spiritual intelligence? Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 42(2), 16–
33.Walliman, N. (2011). Research Methods: The Basics. Abingdon: Routledge.
54. Wigglesworth, C. (2013). Spiritual intelligence. In Handbook of Faith and Spirituality in the Workplace: Emerging Research and Practice (pp. 441–453). Springer New York.
55. Wong, C. S., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly, 13(3), 243–274.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 AUTHOR
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.