The Effects of the Visual Feedback Short Foot Exercise on Foot Alignment in Adults with Flexible Flatfoot
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/1naf2845Keywords:
Flexible Flatfoot, Short Foot Exercise, Visual Feedback, Foot Intrinsic Muscles, Foot Alignment.Abstract
Flexible flatfoot occurs when the medial longitudinal arch collapses when weight bearing and returns to a normal arch when weight is removed with forefoot abduction and hindfoot valgus. This can cause pathological problems in the alignment of the lower extremities and the entire body. Recently, the short foot exercise has drawn attention as an intervention for flexible flatfoot. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the short foot exercise with and without visual feedback on foot alignment in adults with flexible flatfoot. The subjects were 24 adults with flexible flatfoot. They were randomly assigned to a visual feedback short foot exercise group and short foot exercise group. Each group performed the exercise five times a week for six weeks. Foot alignment was measured using the picture archiving and communication system, and four radiological measurements were taken from lateral and antero-posterior x-rays (calcaneal inclination angle, lateral talocalcaneal angle, antero-posterior talocalcaneal angle, and antero-posterior talometatarsal angle). In the visual feedback short foot exercise group, the calcaneal inclination angle, lateral talocalcaneal angle, antero-posterior talocalcaneal angle, and antero-posterior talometatarsal angle showed significant differences. The short-foot exercise group showed significant differences for the calcaneal inclination angle and the antero-posterior talometatarsal angle. However, there were no significant differences between the groups. These results suggest that the short foot exercise is an effective exercise for young adults with flexible flatfoot in terms of changing foot alignment. Additionally, exercise with visual feedback is more effective for complete alignment of view, including the hindfoot
Downloads
References
[1] Ueki, Y., Sakuma, E., & Wada, I. (2019). Pathology and management of flexible flat feet in children. Journal of Orthopaedic Science, 24(1), 9-13.
[2] Filardi, V. (2018). Flatfoot and normal foot a comparative analysis of the stress shielding. Journal of
orthopaedics, 15(3), 820-825.
[3] Hösl, M., Böhm, H., Multerer, C., & Döderlein, L. (2014). Does excessive flatfoot deformity affect
function? A comparison between symptomatic and asymptomatic flatfeet using the Oxford Foot Model. Gait
& posture, 39(1), 23-28.
[4] Jafarnezhadgero, A., Shad, M. M., & Ferber, R. (2018). The effect of foot orthoses on joint moment
asymmetry in male children with flexible, flat feet. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies, 22(1), 83-
89.
[5] Khamis, S. & Yizhar, Z. (2007). Effect of feet hyperpronation on pelvic alignment in a standing
position. Gait & posture, 25(1), 127-134.
[6] Sahrmann, S. & Sahrmann, S. (2011). Movement system impairment syndromes of the extremities, cervical
and thoracic spines. St Louis, MO: Elsevier/Mosby.
[7] Chougala, A., Phanse, V., Khanna, E., & Panda, S. (2015). Screening of body mass index and functional flat
foot in adult: an observational study. Int J Physiother Res, 3(3), 1037-1041.
[8] Kelly, L.A., Kuitunen, S., Racinais, S., & Cresswell, A.G. (2012). Recruitment of the plantar intrinsic foot
muscles with increasing postural demand. Clinical biomechanics, 27(1), 46-51.
[9] Tudpor, K., & Traithip W. (2019). Fall Prevention by Short-Foot Exercise in Diabetic Patients. Indian
Journal of Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy, 13, 75-80.
[10] Headlee, D.L., Leonard, J.L., Hart, J.M., Ingersoll, C.D., & Hertel, J. (2008). Fatigue of the plantar intrinsic
foot muscles increases navicular drop. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 18(3), 420-425.
[11] Jung, D.Y., Kim, M.H., Koh, E.K., Kwon, O.Y., Cynn, H.S., & Lee, W.H. (2011). A comparison in the
muscle activity of the abductor hallucis and the medial longitudinal arch angle during toe curl and short foot
exercises. Physical Therapy in Sport, 12(1), 30-35.
[12] Lynn, S.K., Padilla, R.A., & Tsang, K.K. (2012). Differences in static-and dynamic-balance task
performance after 4 weeks of intrinsic-foot-muscle training: the short-foot exercise versus the towel-curl
exercise. Journal of sport rehabilitation, 21(4), 327-333.
[13] Key, J. (2010). Back Pain-A Movement Problem E-Book: A clinical approach incorporating relevant
research and practice. Elsevier Health Sciences.
[14] Giggins, O.M., Persson, U.M., & Caulfield, B. (2013). Biofeedback in rehabilitation. Journal of
neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 10(1).
[15] Frank, D.L., Khorshid, L., Kiffer, J.F., Moravec, C.S., & McKee, M.G. (2010). Biofeedback in medicine:
who, when, why and how?. Mental health in family medicine, 7(2), 85.
[16] Palm, H.G., Strobel, J., Achatz, G., von Luebken, F., & Friemert, B. (2009). The role and interaction of
visual and auditory afferents in postural stability. Gait & posture, 30(3), 328-333.
[17] Child, B.J., Hix, J., Catanzariti, A.R., Mendicino, R.W., & Saltrick, K. (2009). The effect of hindfoot
realignment in triple arthrodesis. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 48(3), 285-293.
[18] Murley, G.S., Menz, H.B., & Landorf, K.B. (2009). A protocol for classifying normal-and flat-arched foot
posture for research studies using clinical and radiographic measurements. Journal of foot and ankle
research, 2(1), 22.
[19] Mulligan, E.P., & Cook, P.G. (2013). Effect of plantar intrinsic muscle training on medial longitudinal arch
morphology and dynamic function. Manual therapy, 18(5), 425-430.
[20] Chung, K.A., Lee, E., & Lee, S. (2016). The effect of intrinsic foot muscle training on medial longitudinal
arch and ankle stability in patients with chronic ankle sprain accompanied by foot pronation. Physical
Therapy Rehabilitation Science, 5(2), 78-83.
[21] Davids, J.R., Gibson, T.W., & Pugh, L.I. (2005). Quantitative segmental analysis of weight-bearing
radiographs of the foot and ankle for children: normal alignment. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 25(6),
769-776.
[22] Schepers, T., Ginai, A.Z., Mulder, P.G.H., & Patka, P. (2007). Radiographic evaluation of calcaneal
fractures: to measure or not to measure. Skeletal radiology, 36(9), 847-852.
[23] Frank, C., Page, P., & Lardner, R. (2009). Assessment and treatment of muscle imbalance: the Janda
approach. Human kinetics.
[24] Nurse, M.A., & Nigg, B.M. (2001). The effect of changes in foot sensation on plantar pressure and muscle
activity. Clinical Biomechanics, 16(9), 719-727.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Author
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
