PREVALENCE OF STOMATITIS IN ANAEMIC PATIENTS- AN INSTITUTION BASED RETROSPECTIVE STUDY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/eb93ht20Keywords:
Anaemia, Burning sensation, Iron deficiency, Oral manifestations, StomatitisAbstract
One of the most common oral manifestations of anemia is anemic stomatitis. Stomatitis refers to inflammation of the mouth and lips. In other words, it's an inflammatory process that affects the mucous membrane of the mouth and lips. The term stomatitis is derived from a Greek word in which “stoma” refers to mouth and “itis” refers to inflammation. Anemia is a global hematological disorder affecting people of almost all the age groups. It is estimated that almost one-third of the world’s population is anemic and are affected by one or other anemic disorder. These disorders are mainly caused due to nutritional deficiencies that occur due to malnourishment or due to chronic intake of an imbalanced diet. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of stomatitis in patients with anemia. About 86000 records of the patients were obtained and screened for the presence of anemia. In this study, 47 patients who self-reported with anemia were chosen. Among the 47 patients, 23 were male patients and 24 were female patients. This indicates that the predominant gender was female. To estimate the predominant age group affected by anemia and anemic stomatitis, the patients were divided into three groups. Group 1 includes 18-35 years; group 2 includes 36-50 years and group 3 includes 51-70 years of age. Both anemia and anemic stomatitis was predominantly seen among group 2 patients (36-50 years of age). 13 patients who were diagnosed with anemic stomatitis, in the group of anemia patients. It was estimated that anemic stomatitis was present in 27.7% of the study population. The association was performed with a chi-square test to associate between age, gender and anemic stomatitis and a significant association was reported.
Downloads
References
[1] Marchini, L., M. S. Campos, A. M. Silva, L. C. Paulino, and F. G. Nobrega. 2007. “Bacterial Diversity in
Aphthous Ulcers.” Oral Microbiology and Immunology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-
302x.2006.00345.x.
[2] Thornhill, M. H., L. Baccaglini, M. Bazrafshani, and W. Ollier. 2004. “Association between Gene
Polymorphisms and Pain Severity in Patients with Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS).” Oral Surgery,
Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.02.029.
[3] Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Hoorn SV, Murray CJL. Selected major risk factors and global and
regional burden of disease. The Lancet 2002;360:1347–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-
6736(02)11403-6.
[4] Carrozzo, M., D. Conrotto, M. Carbone, and S. Gandolfo. 2006. “No Evidence for Therapeutic Effect of
Topical Ciclosporin in Oral Lichen Planus: Reply from Authors.” British Journal of Dermatology.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07335.x.
[5] DiMarco, Connie S. 2000. “Speroff L, Glass RH, Kase NG, Editors. Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology
and Infertility. 6th Ed. Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1999:1–1200.” Fertility and Sterility.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(00)00647-6.
[6] Erturk, Emine Yurdakul, Abdullah Dağlı, and Abdullah Erdil. 2017. “Periodic Fever, Aphthous
Stomatitis, Pharyngitis and Cervical Adenitis Syndrome: Report of Four Cases.” Tuberculin Skin Test in
Children. https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2017.131.
[7] Field, E. A., and R. B. Allan. 2003. “Oral Ulceration - Aetiopathogenesis, Clinical Diagnosis and
Management in the Gastrointestinal Clinic.” Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01782.x.
[8] Jacobs, A. 1961. “Carbohydrates and Sulphur-Containing Compounds in the Anaemic Buccal
Epithelium.” Journal of Clinical Pathology 14 (November): 610–14.
[9] Porter, S. R., V. Kingsmill, and C. Scully. 1993. “Audit of Diagnosis and Investigations in Patients with
Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis.” Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(93)90011-r.
[10] Porter, S. R., C. Scully, and S. Flint. 1988. “Hematologic Status in Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis
Compared with Other Oral Disease.” Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(88)90064-3.
[11] Venugopal A, Maheswari TNU. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in oral potentially
malignant disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology 2016;20:474.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-029x.190951.
[12] Chaitanya NC, Muthukrishnan A, Babu DBG, Kumari CS, Lakshmi MA, Palat G, et al. Role of Vitamin
E and Vitamin A in Oral Mucositis Induced by Cancer Chemo/Radiotherapy- A Meta-analysis. J Clin
Diagn Res 2017;11:ZE06–9.
[13] Subashri A, Uma Maheshwari TN. Knowledge and attitude of oral hygiene practice among dental
students. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 2016;9:1840. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974- 360x.2016.00375.9.
[14] Maheswari TNU, Venugopal A, Sureshbabu NM, Ramani P. Salivary micro RNA as a potential
biomarker in oral potentially malignant disorders: A systematic review. Ci Ji Yi Xue Za Zhi 2018;30:55–
60.
[15] Misra SR, Shankar YU, Rastogi V, Maragathavalli G. Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma in the maxilla
and mandible, an extremely rare presentation. Contemp Clin Dent 2015;6:S117–21.
[16] Lambris JD, Michael Holers V, Ricklin D. Complement Therapeutics. Springer Science & Business
Media; 2012.
[17] Warnakulasuriya S, Muthukrishnan A. Oral health consequences of smokeless tobacco use. Indian
Journal of Medical Research 2018;148:35. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1793_17.
[18] Patil SR, Maragathavalli G, Araki K, Al-Zoubi IA, Sghaireen MG, Gundapaneni RK, et al. Three-Rooted
Mandibular First Molars in a Saudi Arabian Population: A CBCT Study. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria
Clin Integr 2018;18:4133.
[19] Subha M, Arvind M. Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Evaluation of Trigeminal Neuralgia with
its Anatomical Correlation. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 2019;12:289–96.
https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1640.
[20] Muthukrishnan A, Bijai Kumar L. Actinic cheilosis: early intervention prevents malignant
transformation. BMJ Case Rep 2017;2017. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2016-218654.
[21] Choudhury P. Vanishing Roots: First Case Report of Idiopathic Multiple Cervico–Apical External Root
Resorption. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH 2015.
https://doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2015/11698.5668.
[22] Chaitanya NC, Muthukrishnan A, Krishnaprasad CMS, Sanju Prasanna G, Pillay P, Mounika B. An
Insight and Update on the Analgesic Properties of Vitamin C. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2018;10:119–25.
[23] Muthukrishnan A, Bijai Kumar L, Ramalingam G. Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: a
dentist’s nightmare. BMJ Case Rep 2016;2016. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2016-214626.
[24] Rohini S, Kumar VJ. Incidence of dental caries and pericoronitis associated with impacted mandibular
third molar-A radiographic study. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 2017;10:1081–4.
[25] Dharman S, Muthukrishnan A. Oral mucous membrane pemphigoid - Two case reports with varied
clinical presentation. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2016;20:630–4.
[26] Lahner E, Annibale B. Pernicious anemia: new insights from a gastroenterological point of view. World J
Gastroenterol 2009;15:5121–8.
[27] Lopez A, Cacoub P, Macdougall IC, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Iron deficiency anaemia. Lancet 2016;387:907–
16.
[28] Hjorting-Hansen E, Bertram U. Oral aspects of pernicious anaemia. Br Dent J 1968;125:266–70.
[29] Gupta S, Swarup N, Sairam H, Sinha N, Nair SS. Orofacial Manifestations associated with Anemia.
World Journal of Anemia 2017; 1:44–7. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10065-0010.
[30] Adeyemo TA, Adeyemo WL, Adediran A, Akinbami AJA, Akanmu AS. Orofacial manifestations of
hematological disorders: anemia and hemostatic disorders. Indian J Dent Res 2011; 22:454–61.
[31] Barron RW. Treatment strategies for recurrent oral aphthous ulcers. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 2001; 58:41–50. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/58.1.41.
[32] Van Dis ML, Langlais RP. The thalassemias: oral manifestations and complications. Oral Surg Oral Med
Oral Pathol 1986;62:229–33.
[33] Long RG, Hlousek L, Doyle JL. Oral manifestations of systemic diseases. Mt Sinai J Med 1998;65:309–
15.
[34] McFarlane DB, Pinkerton PH, Dagg JH, Goldberg A. Incidence of iron deficiency, with and without
anaemia, in women in general practice. Br J Haematol 1967;13:790–6.
[35] Sun A, Chen H-M, Cheng S-J, Wang Y-P, Chang JY-F, Wu Y-C, et al. Significant association of
deficiencies of hemoglobin, iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid and high homocysteine level with recurrent
aphthous stomatitis. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 2015;44:300–5.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jop.12241.
[36] Morris MS, Jacques PF, Rosenberg IH, Selhub J. Folate and vitamin B-12 status in relation to anemia,
macrocytosis, and cognitive impairment in older Americans in the age of folic acid fortification. Am J
Clin Nutr 2007;85:193–200.
[37] Farhat Yaasmeen Sadique Basha, Rajeshkumar S, Lakshmi T, Anti-inflammatory activity of Myristica
fragrans extract . Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci., 2019 ;10(4), 3118-3120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1607
[38] Ship JA. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology,
and Endodontology 1996;81:141–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1079-2104(96)80403-3.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 AUTHOR
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
