Examination of Doubts of Woman’s Character from the Viewpoint of Orientalists
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/k23aec54Keywords:
Verses, Women, Orientalists, Men, Leiden EncyclopediaAbstract
God has chosen man as his own deputy on earth and the noblest of all creatures and dignified him. According to the verses of Holy Quran, man has been created in two sexes, i.e. male and female. Quranic verses insist on the idea that no one of the two sexes has any essential nobility and dignity over the other and God wariness is introduced as the measure of human value. However, some orientalists by a superficial reading of the Quran underline such issues as the guardianship of man, divorce and etc., and consider the woman to be of a second-degree human value and a weak creature in Quran. Having said these, they seek to challenge the authority of Quran and describe it as a book written by a man. The present essay by a descriptive-analytic method and by the study and criticism of doubts and objections casted by the orientalists, based on the divine verses and Islamic doctrines has proceeded to defend the place of woman and truthfulness of Quran. It is concluded that the doubts casted by the orientalists are due to the lack of awareness or misunderstanding and lack of comprehensive knowledge of all aspects of Quran and Islam or in some cases, out of animosity and fight with Islam.
Downloads
References
1. Holy Quran
2. Alusi, Mahmoud Ibn Abdullah, *Ruh Al Maani fi Tafsir Al Quran Al Azim va Al Sab Al Mathani*, edited by Abd Al Bari Atyyeh Ali. Beirut: Dar Al Kutub Al Elmyyah, 1995
3. Ibn Babuyah, *Khisal*, edited by Ghaffari, Ali Akbar. Qom: Society of Lecturers of Qom Seminary, 1983
4. Ibn Babuyah, *Man La Yahzaruhu Al Faqih*, edited by Ghaffari, Ali Akbar. Qom: Islamic Press, 1993
5. Ibn Khaldun, Abd Al Rahman, *Ibn Khaldun’s Introduction*, trans. Mohammad Parvin Gonabadi. Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi, 2014
6. Ibn Fars, Abu Al Hassan Ahmad, *Maqaees Al Lughah*. Qom: Institute for Hawzah and University, 2008
7. Ibn Kathir, Esmaeil Ibn Omar, *Tafsir Al Quran Al Azim*. Beirut: Dar Al Kutub Al Elmyyah, 1999
8. Ibn Manzur, Jamal Al Din Mohammad Ibn Mokarram, *Lisan Al Arab*. Beirut: Dar Sader, 1997
9. Azhari, Mohammad Ibn Ahmad, *Tahzib Al Lughah*. Beirut: Dar Ehya Al Turath Al Arabi, 2001
10. Amini, Ibrahim, *Islam Made Simple*. Qom: Bustane Ketab, 2009
11. Bahrani, Seyed Hashem Ibn Soleiman, *Al Burhan*. Qom: Besat Institute, 1995
12. Broujerdi, Aqa Hossein, *Jame Ahadith Al Shia*. Tehran: Farhang Sabz, 2007
13. Jorjani, Abu Al Fath Ibn Makhdum, *Tafsir Shahi or Ayat Al Ahkam Jorjani*. Tehran: Navid, 1983
14. Javadi Amoli, Abdullah, *Woman in the Mirror of Majesty and Beauty*. Tehran: Asra, 2002
15. Horre Ameli, Mohammad Ibn Hassan, *Wasael Al Shia*. Qom: Al Al Bayt Institute, 1989
16. Rashid Reza, Mohammad, *Tafsir Al Minar*. Beirut: Dar Al Fikr, 1994
17. Rousseau, Jean Jacques, *Social Contract*, trans. Morteza Kalantarian. Tehran: Agah, 2010
18. Rousseau, Jean Jacques, *Emile: An Essay on Education*, trans. Zirakzadeh, Ghulamhossein. Tehran: Nahid, 2014
19. Zamakhshari, Mahmoud, *Al Kashaf an Ghawamez Al Tanzil va Uyun Al Aqawil*. Beirut: Dar Al Kitab Al Arabi, 1987
20. Sultan Ali Shah, Mohammad, *Bayan Al Saadah fi Maqamat Al Ebadah*. Beirut: Al Alami Institute, 1988
21. Shartuni, Saeed, *Aqrab Al Mawarid fi Fasih Al Arabyyah va Al Shawarid*. Tehran: Osveh, 2006
22. Samimi, Minu, *Mohammad in Europe*, trans. Abbas Mehrpuya. Tehran: Etelaat, 2003
23. Tabatabaei, Seyed Mohammad Hossein, *Al Mizan fi Tafsir Al Quran*. Qom: Qom Seminary Press, 1997
24. Tabarsi, Fazl Ibn Hassan, *Tafsir Jawameh Al Jameh*, edited by Gorji, Abu Al Qasem. Qom: Qom Seminary Press, 1992
25. Arusi Hawizi, Abd Ali Ibn Jumeh, *Tafsir Noor Al Theqalayn*, edited by Rasuli, Hashem. Qom: Esmaeilian, 1995
26. Tusi, Mohammad Ibn Hassan, *Al Tibyan fi Tafsir Al Quran*, edited by Amel Ahmad. Lebanon: Dar Ehya Al Turath Al Arabi
27. Fazl Allah, Seyed Mohammad Hossein, *Donya Al Mar*. Beirut: Dar Al Melak, 1997
28. Fazl Allah, Seyed Mohammad Hossein, *Al Mar bayn Al Waqeha va Haquha fi Al Ejtema Al Siasi Al Islami*. Beirut: Dar Al Thiqalayn, 1995
29. Fazl Allah, Seyed Mohammad Hossein, *Al Mar fi Al Fikr Al Falsafi Al Ejtemaei Al Islami*. Beirut: Dar Al Melak, 2005
30. Fazl Allah, Seyed Mohammad Hossein, *Tafsir min Wahy Al Quran*. Beirut: Dar Al Melak, 1999
31. Fazl Allah, Seyed Mohammad Hossein, *Mawsuah Al Fikr Al Ejtemaei (Al Fikr Al Ejtimaei, Al Ma va Al Akhlaq va Al Insan va Al Tarbyah)*. Beirut: Dar Al Melak
32. Qortabi, Mohammad Ibn Ahmad, *Al Jameh Le Ahkam Al Quran*. Tehran: Nasir Khosrow, 1985
33. Coliver, Rice, Clara, *Women and Their Way of Life*, trans. Asadullah Aza. Astan Qods Razavi, 1987
34. Majlesi, Mohammad Baqer, *Bihar Al Anwar*. Beirut: Dar Ehya Al Turath Al Arabi, 1983
35. Mostafavi, Hassan, *Al Tahqiq fi Kalemat Al Quran Al Karim*. Tehran: Ministry of Islamic Culture and Guidance, 1996
36. Motahari, Morteza, *System of Rights of Women in Islam*. Tehran: Sadra, 2003
37. Moghnieh, Mohammad Javad, *Tafsir Kashef*. Qom: Dar Al Kitab Al Islami, 2004
38. Mansournezhad, Mohammad, *Problem of Woman, Islam and Feminism: In Defense of Women’s Rights*. Tehran: Barge Zeytoon, 2002
39. Naja, Fatemeh Huda, *Al Mustashraqun va Al Mar Al Muslimah*. Dar Al Iman, 1991
40. Nasaei, Ahmad Ibn Ali, *Tafsir Al Nasaei*. Beirut: Al Kutub Al Thiqafyyah Institute, 1990
41. Noori, Hossein Ibn Mohammad Taqi, *Mostadrak Al Wasael va Mostanbit Al Masael*. Qom: Al Al Bayt Institute, 1988
42. Eskandarlou, Mohammad Javad; Nooshin, Maryam, *Critical Review of "Women and Quran"*, Quranic Studies of Orientalists, Fall and Winter 2008, No. 5, pp. 96-120
43. Fattahizadeh, Fathyya; Afsar Dir, Hossein, *Criticism and Evaluation of the Entrance “Sex” in Leiden Encyclopedia of Quran*. Journal of Women and Family Studies, Year 2, Fall and Winter 2014, pp. 7-38
44. Mortazavi, Khodayar; Pakzad, Shahindokht, *Language, Women, Dualism of Discourse in Rousseau’s Political Thought*. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, Year 9, no. 1, Winter 2016, pp. 49-74
45. Roded, Ruth, *Women and the Quran*, Encyclopaedia of the Quran, p. 523
46. Abbott, Nabia, *"Women and the State in Early Islam"*. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Jan. 1942), pp. 106-126. Published by: The University of Chicago Press
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 AUTHOR
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
