FACTOR STRUCTURE AND RELIABILITY OF THE MALAY VERSION OF THE CHILDHOOD TRAUMA QUESTIONNAIRE- SHORT FORM (M-CTQ-SF) AMONG DRUG ADDICTS IN MALAYSIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/wxgrye06Keywords:
Childhood Trauma Questionnaire,, child abuse,, drug addicts,, factor structure,, reliability, psychosocial interventionAbstract
Some studies in the literature have suggested that individuals with drug addiction problem often associated with high prevalence of child abuse and neglect in their life histories. Therefore, the evaluation of childhood maltreatment experiences among the population suffering from drug addiction is essential for the development of effective treatment and psychosocial interventions. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF) is the commonly used measurement for assessing multiple dimensions of childhood traumatic experiences. However, the Malay version of the CTQ-SF (henceforth, M-CTQ-SF) has not been validated among Malaysians with drug abuse problem. In this study, the M-CTQ-SF was administered to 360 drug addicts entering inpatient drug abuse treatment in Malaysia. The construct validity of M-CTQ-SF was examined using a principle component analysis while the reliability was assessed using internal consistency approach (Cronbach alpha method). The result of PCA found a five factor structure with two items cross loaded with two factors. The internal consistency of M-CTQ-SF was adequate except for Physical Neglect and Sexual Abuse reported an unsatisfactory Cronbach alpha (< .70). The study results have suggested that the translated version of M-CTQ-SF can be considered as a valid screening instrument for childhood traumatic experience among population with drug addiction problem.
Downloads
References
1. Abdul Kadir, N. B., & Desa, A. (2013). Preliminary data on abuse during childhood among female university students. Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development, 23(4), 299–314.
2. Akhir, N. M., Alavi, K., Nen, S., Ibrahim, F., Mohamad, M. S., & Hassan, N. (2012). Relation of internal factors that contribute to physical child abuse among parents.E-Bangi: Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 7(1), 001-014.
3. Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., … Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect.American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(8), 1132–1136.
4. Bernstein, D. P., & Fink, L. (1998). Childhood trauma questionnaire : a retrospective self-report manual. Texas: Harcourt Brace & Co.
5. Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., … Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse and Neglect, 27(2), 169–190.
6. Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Gotlib, I. H. (1993). Psychopathology and Early Experience: A Reappraisal of Retrospective Reports.Psychological Bulletin, 113(1), 82–98.
7. Bremner, J. D., Vermetten, E., & Mazure, C. M. (2000). Development and preliminary psychometric properties of an instrument for the measurement of childhood trauma: The early trauma inventory.Depression and Anxiety, 12(1), 1–12.
8. Charak, R., de Jong, J. T. V. M., Berckmoes, L. H., Ndayisaba, H., & Reis, R. (2017). Assessing the factor structure of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and cumulative effect of abuse and neglect on mental health among adolescents in conflict-affected Burundi.Child Abuse and Neglect, 72, 383–392.
9. Charak, R., & Koot, H. M. (2014). Abuse and neglect in adolescents of Jammu, india: The role of gender, family structure, and parental education.Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(6), 590–598.
10. Cheah, I. G. S., & Choo, W.Y.(2016). A review of research on child abuse in Malaysia. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 71(1), 87-99.
11. Cheng, Y.C., Chen, C.H., Chou, K.R., Kuo, P.H., & Huang, M.C. (2018). Reliability and factor structure of the chinese version of childhood trauma questionnaire-short form in in patients with substance use disorder.Taiwanese Journal of Psychiatry, 32(1), 52-61.
12. Comijs, H. C., Van Exel, E., Van Der Mast, R. C., Paauw, A., Oude Voshaar, R., & Stek, M. L. (2013).
Childhood abuse in late-life depression.Journal of Affective Disorders, 147(1–3), 241–246.
13. Douglas, K., Chan, G., Gelernter, J., & Arias, A. (2010). Adverse childhood events as risk factors for substance dependence: partial mediation by mood and anxiety disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 35(1), 7–13.
14. Essien, E.A., Attoe, O.R., Anake, G.A., Uwah, E.E, Aigbomian, E.J., Eleazu, F.I., & Udofia, O. (2018). The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: Validity, Reliability and Factor Structure among Adolescents in Calabar, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Medicine. 27(3), 253-259.
15. Fink, L. A., Bernstein, D., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., & Lovejoy, M. (1995). Initial reliability and validity of the childhood trauma interview: A new multidimensional measure of childhood interpersonal trauma.American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(9), 1329–1335.
16. Forde, D. R., Baron, S. W., Scher, C. D., & Stein, M. B. (2012). Factor Structure and Reliability of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Prevalence Estimates of Trauma for Male and Female Street Youth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(2), 364–379.
17. Gagnier, C., & Collin-Vézina, D. (2016). The Disclosure Experiences of Male Child Sexual Abuse Survivors.Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 25(2), 221–241.
18. Gerdner, A., & Allgulander, C. (2009). Psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire - Short Form (CTQ-SF).Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 63(2), 160–170.
19. Häuser, W., Schmutzer, G., Brähler, E., & Glaesmer, H. (2011). Maltreatment in childhood and adolescence: results from a survey of a representative sample of the German population.DeutschesArzteblatt International, 108(17), 287–294.
20. He, J., Zhong, X., Gao, Y., Xiong, G., & Yao, S. (2019). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) among undergraduates and depressive patients.Child Abuse and Neglect, 91, 102–108.
21. Hernandez, A., Gallardo-Pujol, D., Pereda, N., Arntz, A., Bernstein, D. P., Gaviria, A. M., … Gutiérrez-Zotes,
J. A. (2013). Initial validation of the Spanish childhood trauma questionnaire-short form: factor structure, reliability and association with parenting.Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(7), 1498–1518.
22. Herrenkohl, T. I., Hong, S., Klika, J. B., Herrenkohl, R. C., & Russo, M. J. (2013). Developmental Impacts of Child Abuse and Neglect Related to Adult Mental Health, Substance Use, and Physical Health.Journal of Family Violence, 28(2), 191–199.
23. Huang, M. C., Schwandt, M. L., Ramchandani, V. A., George, D. T., & Heilig, M. (2012). Impact of Multiple Types of Childhood Trauma Exposure on Risk of Psychiatric Comorbidity among Alcoholic Inpatients.Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 36(6), 598–606.
24. Ismail, R., Ahmad, N.A., Ibrahim, F., & Nen, S. (2017). The Influence of Individual, Familial and Social Environmental Factors towards Substance Abuse Behavior among Adolescents.Akademika, 87(1), 7–16.
25. Jiang, W. J., Zhong, B. L., Liu, L. Z., Zhou, Y. J., Hu, X. H., & Li, Y. (2018). Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form for inpatients with schizophrenia.PLoS ONE, 13(12), 916-922.
26. Karos, K., Niederstrasser, N., Abidi, L., Bernstein, D. P., & Bader, K. (2014). Factor structure, reliability, and known groups validity of the German version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (short-form) in Swiss patients and nonpatients.Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 23(4), 418–430.
27. Kilpatrick, D. G., Acierno, R., Saunders, B., Resnick, H. S., Best, C. L., & Schnurr, P. P. (2000). Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence: Data from a national sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,68(1), 19–30.
28. Kim, D., Park, S. C., Yang, H., & Oh, D. H. (2011). Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the childhood trauma questionnaire-short form for psychiatric outpatients. Psychiatry Investigation, 8(4), 305–311.
29. Lee Enn Hooi., Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin., Norruzeyati Che Mohd Nasir., Hilwa Abdullah@ Mohd Nor., & Noremy Md Akhir. (2019). Exploring the Psychometric Properties of Mandarin-Translated Zuckerman Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire among Chinese High School Students in Malaysia. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 8 (2S10), September 2019, 790-794.
30. LeTendre, M. L., & Reed, M. B. (2017). The Effect of Adverse Childhood Experience on Clinical Diagnosis of a Substance Use Disorder: Results of a Nationally Representative Study. Substance Use & Misuse, 52(6), 689–697.
31. Lundgren, K., Gerdner, A., & Lundqvist, L. O. (2002). Childhood abuse and neglect in severely dependent female addicts: Homogeneity and reliability of a Swedish version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. International Journal of Social Welfare, 11(3), 219–227.
32. Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin., Nadiah Syariani Md. Sharif.,& Geshina Ayu Mat Saat. (2013a). A unidimensional scale for self-control within Malaysian settings. Educ Med J 5(4). 60-66.
33. Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin., Nadiah Syariani Md. Shariff.,& Geshina Ayu Mat Saat. (2013b). A validity study of Malay translated Zuckerman-Kuhlman personality questionnaire crosscultural 50 items (ZKPQ-50- CC). Health and the Environment Journal 4(2), 37-52.
34. Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin., Rohany Nasir., Wan Shahrazad Wan Sulaiman., Rozainee Khairudin., & Zainah Ahmad Zamani. (2017). Validity and psychometric properties of Malay translated religious orientation scale-revised among Malaysian adult samples. Akademika 87 (2), 133-144.
35. Moylan, C. A., Herrenkohl, T. I., Sousa, C., Tajima, E. A., Herrenkohl, R. C., & Russo, M. J. (2010). The effects of child abuse and exposure to domestic violence on adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Journal of Family Violence, 25(1), 53–63.
36. MS, H. N., IZA, N. D., & Daud, F. (2019). Systematic review of child abuse perpetrators worldwide: Characteristics and risk factors. Journal of Health and Translational Medicine, 22(1), 41–49.
37. Mwakanyamale, A. A., & Yizhen, Y. (2019). Psychological maltreatment and its relationship with self-esteem and psychological stress among adolescents in Tanzania: A community based, cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1).
38. Nazira Sadiron., Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin., Wan Shahrazad Wan Sulaiman., & Rozainee Khairudin. (2019). Psikologi Penagihan Dadah: Satu Tinjauan Literatur. Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia 33 (1), 12-33
39. Nen, S., Subhi, N., Mohamad, S.M., Kamaruzaman, J., Chong, S.J., Sarnon, N., Hoesni, S.M., & Wan Azreena,
W.J. (2011). Malaysian professionals` beliefs in child sexual abuse disclosure. World Applied Sciences Journal. 12 (Special Issue of Social and Psychological Sciences for Human Development), 40-45.
40. Norsaleha, M.S., Nabilah, H.Z., Zetty, N.R., Noorhafizah, M.H., Kamal, A.R., & Norbahiah, M. (2018). Statistics on child abuse in Malaysia: An analysis. International Journal for Studies on Children, Women, Elderly and Disabled, 5, 128-309.
41. Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2012). The Long-Term Health Consequences of Child Physical Abuse, Emotional Abuse, and Neglect: A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis. PLoS Medicine, 9(11), e1001349.
42. Rambhade SK, Singh S, Goswami RB, Rambhade A. "Occurrence, Complications, and Interventions of Diabetes: A New Understanding of an Old Problem." Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 2.1 (2011), 8-18. Print. doi:10.4103/0975-8453.83433
43. Rezan, A., & Erogul, Ç. (2012). Psychometric Properties of Turkish Version of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire among Adolescents with Gender Differences. Psychology, 03(10), 916–922.
44. Sacchi, C., Vieno, A., & Simonelli, A. (2018). Italian validation of the childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short form on a college group. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.10(5), 563–571.
45. Saini, S. M., Hoffmann, C. R., Pantelis, C., Everall, I. P., & Bousman, C. A. (2019). Systematic review and critical appraisal of child abuse measurement instruments. Psychiatry Research. 272 (2), 106-113.
46. Shahidan Shaari, M., Hidayah Harun, N., & Ermawati Hussain, N. (2019). Female Labour Force and Child Abuse in Malaysia Using ARDL Approach. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 53(1), 2019–2046.
47. Stein, M. D., Conti, M. T., Kenney, S., Anderson, B. J., Flori, J. N., Risi, M. M., & Bailey, G. L. (2017). Adverse childhood experience effects on opioid use initiation, injection drug use, and overdose among persons with opioid use disorder. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 179(July), 325–329.
48. Yashasvi suvarna, m. C. Shivamurthy (2016) therapeutic uses of dependence causing agents: the past and the present. Journal of Critical Reviews, 3 (2), 44-47.
49. Quinn, K., Boone, L., Scheidell, J. D., Mateu-Gelabert, P., McGorray, S. P., Beharie, N., … Khan, M. R. (2016). The relationships of childhood trauma and adulthood prescription pain reliever misuse and injection drug use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 169, 190–198.
50. Thombs, B. D., Bernstein, D. P., Lobbestael, J., & Arntz, A. (2009). A validation study of the Dutch Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form: Factor structure, reliability, and known-groups validity. Child Abuse and Neglect, 33(8), 518–523.
51. van Duin, E. M., Verlinden, E., Vrolijk-Bosschaart, T. F., Diehle, J., Verhoeff, A. P., Brilleslijper-Kater, S. N., & Lindauer, R. J. L. (2018). Sexual abuse in very young children: a psychological assessment in the Amsterdam Sexual Abuse Case study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 9(1).
52. Morozova, N.V., Slabkovskaya, A.B., Abramova, M.Y., Alimova, A.V.Assessment of chewing function in children with premature loss of primary teeth(2018) International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 10 (4),
pp.702705.https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2s2.085059883003&partnerID=40&md5=06a5a6d 56a828d210b36df1aa40f83f0
53. Villano, C. L., Cleland, C., Rosenblum, A., Fong, C., Nuttbrock, L., Marthol, M., & Wallace, J. (2004). Psychometric utility of the childhood trauma questionnaire with female street-based sex workers. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5(3), 33–41.
54. Jacob, L., & Quinn, S. (2018). Finding of Frequent Itemset with Two Mask Searches. Journal of Computational Information Systems,14(2), 36-43.
55. Manjula, S.,& Dr. Banu, R., (2014).An Efficient Compound Scoring Gene Selection Technique (CSGS) for Cancer Classification using Microarrays. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Emerging Technology,5(5), 234-247.
56. Van Wijk, R., Bosman, S., Ackerman, J., Van Wijk, E.P.A.Correlation between fluctuations in human ultra- weak photon emission and EEG alpha rhythm (2008) NeuroQuantology, 6 (4), pp. 452-463.
57. Tamulis, A.Quantum mechanical control of artificial minimal living cells (2008) NeuroQuantology, 6 (3), pp.
311-322
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
