Effects of Body Shape Correction and Resistance Exercise on the Vascular Elasticity and Inflammatory Response in Obese Middle-aged Women
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/jvjfns51Keywords:
body shape correction exercise, Resistance Exercise, obese middle aged women, Vascular Elasticity, Inflammatory ResponseAbstract
Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of 12 weeks body correction and resistance exercise on vascular elasticity and inflammatory response reactions of obese middle-aged women, and provide basic data for improving obesity in efficient obese middle-aged women.
Methods/Statistical analysis: The subjects of this study were obese middle-aged women living in Seoul, Korea. The body shape correction exercise of the experimental group consisted of stretching the muscles around the spine around the stretching, using props and the like. In addition, resistance exercise was able to maintain the exercise intensity of more than 60% based on 1RM in consideration of the exercise intensity of the study subjects. Exercise intensity was adjusted in units of 4 weeks. 60 minutes three times per week for 12 weeks. Warm-up and cool-down exercises consisted of 10 minutes each and 40 minutes of main exercise. In the data processing, descriptive statistics were presented for each measurement item and a 2-way RGRM ANOVA was conducted to examine the interaction effects between groups.
Findings: The results have shown significant interaction effects in Vascular Elasticity(right and left hands, right and left feet) and the Inflammatory Response(CRP, IL-6).
Improvements/Applications: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 12-weeks of body shape correction and resistance exercise on vascular elasticity and inflammatory response of obese middle-aged women. This study suggests that body correction and resistance exercise have positive effects on vascular elasticity and inflammatory response index. Therefore, 12 weeks of body correction and resistance exercise program proved that it can prevent and improve obesity and cardiovascular disease by effectively improving vascular elasticity and inflammatory response index. Considering these aspects, it is recommended to develop a variety of further exercise programs which combine body correction and resistance exercise.
Downloads
References
[1] Ferrucci, L. Sarcopenic obesity: definition, cause and consequences. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 2008;11(6):693-700.
[2] LeMone P, Burke K, Dwyer T, Levett-Jones T, Moxham L, & Reid-Searl K. Medical-surgical nursing: Pearson Higher Education AU. 2015.
[3] World Health Organization. Fact sheet on obesity and overweight. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and- overweight. 2018.
[4] Ministry of Health and Welfare. 2017 National Health Statistics. Retrieved from https://knhanes.cdc.go.kr/ knhanes/sub04/sub04_03.do?classType=7. 2018.
[5] Tchernof A, & Després JP. Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity: an update. Physiological reviews. 2013;93(1):359-404.
[6] Preis SR, Massaro JM, Robins SJ, Hoffmann U, Vasan RS., Irlbeck T, & Fox CS. Abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue and insulin resistance in the Framingham heart study. Obesity, 2010;18(11):2191-2198.
[7] Drenowatz C, Prasad VK, Hand GA, et al. Effects of moderate and vigorous physical activity on fitness and body composition. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2016;39(4):624-632.
[8] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Physical Activity and Health: The Benefits of Physical Activity [Internet]. CDC; 2018 [cited 2018 May 1]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/pa-health/index.htm. 2018.
[9] American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s resource manual for Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription, 7th. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2014.
[10] Kaur, J. A comprehensive review on metabolic syndrome. Cardiology research and practice. 943162.
2014.
[11] Botero JP, Shiquemoto GE, Prestes J, Marin CT, Do Prado WL, Pontes CS, Guerra RL, Ferreia FC, Baldissera V & Perez SE. Effects of long term periodized resistance training on body composition, leptin, resistin and muscle strength in elderly postmenopausal women. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness. 2013;53(3):289-94.
[12] Siler, Brooke. The pilates body. Broadway Books, New York. NY. 2000.
[13] Curnow D, Cobbin D, Wyndham J, & Choy SB. Altered motor control, posture and the Pilates method of exercise prescription. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies. 2009;13(1):104-111.
[14] World Health Organization. Fact sheet on cardiovascular diseases(CVDs) Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds). 2017.
[15] National Statistical Office of Korea. Statistics for cause of death in 2017. Retrieved from http://kosis.kr/statisticsList/ statistics List Index. do? menuId=M_01_01&vwcd=MT_ZTITLE & parmTabId=M_01_01 & parentId=D.1;D1.2;D11.3;#D11.3. 2018.
[16] Foright RM, Presby DM, Sherk VD, Kahn D, Checkley LA, Giles ED, Bergouignan A, Higgins JA, Jackman MR, Hill JO, MacLean PS. Is regular exercise an effective strategy for weight loss maintenance? Physiology and Behavior. 2018;188:86-93.
[17] Kingwell BA, Medley TL, Waddell TK, Cole TJ, Dart AM, & Jennings GL. Large artery stiffness: Structural and genetic aspects. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 2001;28(12):1040- 1043.
[18] Watts K, Beye P & Siafriskas A. Exercise training normalizes vascular dysfunction and improves central adiposity in obese adolescent. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2004;43(10):1823-1827.
[19] Tanaka H, Dinenno FA, Monahan KD, Clevenger CM, DeSouza CA. & Seals DR. Aging, habitual exercise and dynamic arterial compliance. Circulation. 2000;102(11):1270-1285.
[20] Lee CK. Effects of suspension training and adlay intake on health-related fitness, blood lipid profile and vascular compliance in middle-aged women. Pusan National University. master's thesis. 2015.
[21] Kim YM. Effects of aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise on pulse wave velocity and health-related physical fitness in obese middle-aged women. Sungkyunkwan University. master's thesis. 2005.
[22] Chae SI. Study on the effect of functional fitness, body composition and vascular compliance before and after 12 weeks Taekwondo training in elder women. Hanyang University. master's thesis. 2011.
[23] Jeon JH. Effects of 12weeks combined training on vascular compliance, insulin resistance and body composition in middle-aged obese women. The Korean Journal of Sport. 2013;11(1):357-374.
[24] Kim YJ, Lee JY. Effect of Pilates and Resistance Exercises on Vascular Compliance, Body Composition in obese middle-aged Women. Official Journal of the Korean Society of Dance Science. 2015;32(2):115-126.
[25] Jacquet L, Vancaenegem O, Pasquet A, Matte P, Poncelet A, Price J, Gurne O, & Noirhomme P. Exercise capacity in patients supported with rotary blood pumps is improved by a spontaneous increase of pump flow at constant pump speed and by a rise in native cardiac output. Artificial Organs. 2011;35(7):682-690.
[26] Benedini S, Caimi A, Alberti G, Terruzzi I, Dellerma N, La Torre A, et al. Increase in homocysteine levels after a half-marathon running: A detrimental metabolic effect of sport? Sport Sciences for Health. 2010; 6(1):35-41.
[27] von Känel R, Mausbach BT, Dimsdale JE, Mills PJ, Patterson TL, Ancoli-Israel S, et al. Ways of coping and biomarkers of an increased atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease risk in elderly individuals. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol. 2012; 2012:875876.
[28] Corrado E, Rizzo M, Aluigi L, Patti AM, Coppola G, Muratori I, Caccamo G, Balasus F, Novo S. Prediction of vascular events in subjects with subclinical atherosclerosis and the metabolic syndrome: the role of markers of inflammation. International angiology. 2012; 31(3):219–226.
[29] Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Effects of aerobic exercise on C-reactive protein, body composition, and maximum oxygen consumption in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Metabolism. 2006; 55(11):1500–1507.
[30] Martins RA, Neves AP, Coelho-Silva MJ, Verissimo MT, & Texeira AM. The effect of aerobic versus strength-based training in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in older adults. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2010;110(1):161-169.
[31] Hayase H, Nomura S, Abe T, & Izawa T. Relation between fat distributions and several plasma adipocytoki ness after exercise training in premenopausal and post menopausal women. Journal of physiological anthropology and applied human science. 2002;21(2):105-113.
[32] Jorge ML, MP, de Oliveira VN, Resende NM, Paraiso LF, Calixto A, Diniz ALD, & Jorge PT. The effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise on metabolic control, inflammatory markers, adipocytokines, and muscle insulin signaling in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2011;60(9):1244-1252.
[33] Phillips MD, Patrizi RM, Cheek DJ, Wooten JS, Barbee JJ, Mitchell JB. Resistance training reduces subclinical inflammation in obese, postmenopausal women. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2012;44(11):2099-2110.
[34] Kadoglou NP, Vrabas IS, Kapelouzou A, Lampropoulos S, Sailer N, Kostakis A, & Angelopoulou N. The impact of aerobic exercise training on novel adipokines, apelin and ghrelin, in patients with type 2 diabetes. Medical Science Monitor. International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2012;18(5):290-295.
[35] Wannamethee SG, Lowe GD, Whincup PH, Rumley A, Walker M, & Lennon L. Physical activity and hemostatic and inflammatory variables in elderly men. Circulation. 2002;105(15):1785-1790.
[36] Roubenoff R, Parise H, Payette HA, Abad LW, Agostino RD, Jacques PF, Wilson PW, Dinarello CA, Harris TB. Cytokines, insulin-like growth factor 1, sarcopenia, and mortality in very old community-dwelling men and women: the Framingham Heart Study", Am J Medicine. 2003;115(6):429–435.
[37] Wilund KR. Is the anti-inflammatory effect of regular exercise responsible for reduced cardiovascular disease? Clinical Science. 2007;112(11):543-555.
[38] Goldhammer E, Tanchilevitch A, Maor I, Beniamini Y, Rosenschein U, & Sagiv M. (2005). Exercise training modulates cytokines activity in coronary heart disease patients. International Journal of Cardiology. 2005;100(1):93-99.
[39] Ryan AS, Nicklas BJ, Berman DM, & Elahi D. Adiponectin levels do not change with mode rate dietary induced weight loss and exercise in obese postmenopausal women. International Journal of Obesity. 2004;27(9):1066-1071.
[40] Balducci S, Zanuso S, Nicolucci A, Fernando F, Cavallo S, Cardelli P, & Fallucca F. Anti-inflammatory effect of exercise training in subjects with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome is dependent on exercise modalities and independent of weight loss. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2010; 20(8):608-617.
[41] Dekker MJ, Lee S, Hudson R, Kilpatrick K, Graham TE, Ross R, & Robinson LE. An exercise intervention without weight loss decreases circulating interleukin-6 in lean and obese men with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2007;56(3):332-338.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
