Study of Self-Compassion, Depression, Anxiety and Stress in male and female teachers in Government College of Delhi and Uttar Pradesh in India

Authors

  • Dr. Kamini C. Tanwar HoD- Behavioural Science, Associate Professor-AIBAS, Amity Institute of Behavioral and Allied Sciences, Amity University, Haryana Author
  • Ms. Megha Garg Student, M.Sc. Clinical Psychology, Amity Institute of Behavioral and Allied Sciences, Amity University, Haryana Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61841/f0xmxk38

Keywords:

College teachers, Depression, Anxiety and Stress (DAS), Self-compassion

Abstract

The profession of teaching is considered as most prestigious among all. Learning either at school level or college level provides a good platform in development and success of an individual; teachers and faculties are the main pillar behind that success. The present research focuses on psychological aspect [self-compassion; depression, anxiety and stress (DAS)] of faculties in colleges and aims to (1) To find out the difference between male and female faculties on following variables: self-compassion; depression, anxiety and stress (DAS); (2) To find out relationship between self-compassion and DAS in male and female college teachers. The data was collected on 102 teachers from government colleges in Delhi and Meerut city in India through purposive sampling. The mean age range of the sample was 41.24 years. Data was collected with the help of Depression Anxiety and Stress (DAS) Scale (Lovibond and Lovibond , 1995) and Self Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003a). The results indicate that (1) there is no significant difference between male and female faculties on any variable, (2) there is a positive significant relationship among depression, anxiety and stress whereas no relationship between self-compassion and DAS in male college teachers. On the other hand, negative significant correlation between self-compassion and depression (-0.387, at .05 level) and positive significant relationship among depression, anxiety and stress in female college teachers was found.

 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

[1]. Beck, A.; Crain, A.L.; Solberg, L.I.; Unutzer, J.; Glasgow, R.E.; Maciosek, M.V. & Whitebird, R. (2011). Severity of depression and magnitude of productivity loss. Ann. Fam. Med. 9 (4), 305–311.

[2]. Bennett-Goleman, T. (2001). Emotional Alchemy: How the Mind Can Heal the Heart. New York: Three Rivers Press.

[3]. Bishop, S. R.; Lau, M.; Shapiro, S.; Carlson, L.; Anderson, N. D. & Carmody, J. et al. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230-

241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077

[4]. Bluth, K. & Blanton, P. (2015). The influence of self-compassion on emotional well-being among early and older adolescent males and females. Journal of Positive Psychology,10 (3),219-230. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2014.936967.

[5]. Bluth, K.; Campo, R.A.; Futch, W.S. & Gaylord, S.A. (2017). Age and Gender Differences in the Associations of Self-Compassion and Emotional Well-being in A Large Adolescent Sample. J Youth Adolescence, 46 (4): 840-853. doi: 10.1007/s10964-016-0567-2.

[6]. Brach, T. (2003). Radical acceptance: Embracing your life with the heart of a Buddha. American Publishing House: Bantam Books.

[7]. Brown, K. W. & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822-848.

[8]. Dobson, K. S. (1985). The relationship between anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 5(4), 307-324.

[9]. Eaton, W.W.; Anthony, J.C.; Mandel, W. & Garrison, R., (1990). Occupations and the prevalence of major depressive disorder. J. Occup. Med. 32 (11), 1079–1087.

[10]. Ehret, A. M.; Joormann, J. & and Berking, M. (2015). Examining risk and resilience factors for depression: The role of self-criticism and self-compassion. Cognition and Emotion, 29, 1496–1504.

[11]. Evers, K.E.; Castle, P.H.; Prochaska, J.O. & Prochaska, J.M., (2014). Examining relationships between multiple health risk behaviours, well-being, and productivity. Psychol. Rep. 114 (3), 843– 853.

[12]. Fontana, D. & Abouserie, R. (1993). Stress levels, gender and personality factors in teachers.

British Journal of Educational Psychology, 63 (2), 261-270.

[13]. Gilbert, P. & Irons, C. (2005). Therapies for shame and self-attacking, using cognitive, behavioural, emotional imagery and compassionate mind training. In. P. Gilbert (ed.), Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy (pp. 263-325). London: Routledge.

[14]. Goetz, J. L.; Keltner, D. & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: An evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 351-374.

[15]. Goldstein, J. & Kornfield, J. (1987). Seeking the heart of wisdom: The path of insight meditation.

Boston: Shambhala.

[16]. Gordon, J. & Turner, K., (2001). School staff as exemplars – where is the potential? Health Educ., 101 (6), 283–291.

[17]. Hadi, A.A.; Naing, N.N.; Daud, A. & Nordin, R. (2008). Work related depression among secondary school teachers in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. International Medical Journal 15 (2): 145-152.

[18]. Harvey, S.B.; Glozier, N.; Henderson, M.; Allaway, S.; Litchfield, P.; Holland-Elliott, K. & Hotopf, M. (2011). Depression and work performance: an ecological study using web-based screening. Occup. Med. 61, 209–211.

[19]. Health and Safety Executive, 2014. Stress and psychological disorders in GreatBritain 2013. URL: http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causdis/stress/stress.pdf. Accessed: (19.08.18). (Archived by WebCitesat〈http://www.webcitation.org/〉6SBVl2RYu).

[20]. Hughes, J. & Kwok, O. (2007). Influence of student-teacher and parent-teacher relationships on lower achieving readers' engagement and achievement in the primary grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99 (1), 39-51.

[21]. Hussey, L.; Turner, S.; Thorley, K.; McNamee, R. & Agius, R., (2012). Work-related sickness absence as reported by UK general practitioners. Occup. Med. 62, 105–1011.

[22]. James, D.; Sebren, A.; DerAnanian, C.; Bruening, M.; Rooney, L.; Araas, T. & Swan, P.D. (2016). Associations Among Self-Compassion, Stress, and Eating Behavior in College Freshmen. Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 12, 92-97.

[23]. Jain, G.; Roy, A.; Harikrishnan, V.; Yu, S.; Dabbous, O. & Lawrence, C., (2013). Patientreported depression severity measured by the PHQ-9 and impact on work productivity. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 55 (3), 252–258.

[24]. Jennings, P. & Greenberg, M. (2009). The pro-social classroom: teacher social and emotional competence in relation to student and classroom outcomes. Rev. Educ. Res. 79 (1), 491–525.

[25]. Joeng, J. R., & Turner, S. L. (2015). Mediators between self-criticism and depression: Fear of compassion, self-compassion, and importance to others. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62, 453– 463.

[26]. Johnson, S.; Cooper, C.; Cartwright, S.; Donald, I.; Taylor,P. & Millet,C. (2005). The experience of work-related stress across occupations. J. Manag. Psychol. 20(2), 178-187.

[27]. Kessler, R.C.; McGonagle, K.A.; Zhao, S.; Nelson, C.B.; Hughes, M. & Eshleman, S. et al. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 51 (1), 8-19.

[28]. Kidger, J.; Araya, R.; Donovan, J. & Gunnell, D. (2012). The effect of school environment on the emotional health of adolescents: A systematic review. Pediatrics, 129, 925-949.

[29]. Kuoppala, J.; Lamminpaa, A.; Vaananen-Tomppo, I. & Hinkka, K., (2011). Employee wellbeing and sick leave, occupational accident, and disability pension. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 53 (6), 633– 640.

[30]. Lang, I. A.; Marlow, R.; Goodman, R.; Meltzer, H. & Ford, T., (2013). Influence of problematic child–teacher relationships on future psychiatric disorder: population survey with 3-year follow up. Br. J. Psychiatry. 202, 336–341.

[31]. Lovibond, S.H. & Lovibond, P.F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales.(2nd.

Ed.) Sydney: Psychology Foundation. ISBN 7334-1423-0.

[32]. MacBeth, A. & Gumley, A. (2013). Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 545–552.

[33]. Melchior, M.; Caspi, A.; Milne, B.J.; Danese, A.; Poulton, R. & Moffit, T. (2007). Work stress precipitates depression and anxiety in young, working women and men. Psychol. Med. 37, 1119– 1129.

[34]. Mental Health Foundation (2018). Stress: Are we coping? London: Mental Health Foundation. [35]. Neff, K.D. (2003) Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward

oneself. Self Identity, 2 (2), 85–101. doi: 10.1080/15298860309032

[36]. Neff, K. D. (2003a). Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250.

[37]. Neff KD (2016). The Self-Compassion Scale is a valid and theoretically coherent measure of self- compassion. Mindfulness. 2016;7(1):264–74. doi: 10.1007/s12671-016-0560-6

[38]. Okpara, J. O.; Squillace, M. & Erondu, E. A. (2005). Gender Differences and Job Satisfaction: a Study of University Teachers in the United States. Women in Management Review. 20 (3). 177-190.

[39]. Raes, F. (2011). The effect of self-compassion on the development of depression symptoms in a non-clinical sample. Mindfulness, 2, 33–35.

[40]. Salzberg, S. (1997). Loving kindness: The revolutionary art of happiness. Boston: Shambala. [41]. Schwanen, G. (2015). Being kind to my socially anxious mind; A study of the relationship

between self-compassion and social anxiety. Biomedical and Health Sciences Research, 6. doi: https://doi.org/10.26481/marble.2015.v6.366 .

[42]. Stansfeld, S.A.; Rasul, F. R.; Head, J. & Singleton, N. (2011). Occupation and mental health in a National UK Survey. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 46, 101-110. Doi: 10.1007/s00127-009-0173-7.

[43]. Terry, M. L.; Leary, M. R., & Mehta, S. (2013). Self-compassion as a buffer against homesickness, depression, and dissatisfaction in the transition to college. Self and Identity, 12, 278– 290.

[44]. Van Dam, N. T.; Sheppard, S. C.; Forsyth, J. P., & Earlywire, M. (2010). Self-compassion is a better predictor than mindfulness of symptom severity and quality of life in mixed anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 123–130.

[45]. World Health Organization (2012). Depression: A global public health concern. World Suicide Prevention Day 2012. http: www. who.int/mediacentre/events/annual/world_suicide_ prevention_day/en/. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication

/285075782_Depression_A_global_public_health_concern

[46]. World Health Organization (2017). Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. Geneva. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/ 10665/254610/WHO-MSD-MER-2017.2-eng.pdf

[47]. Wieclaw, J.; Agerbo, E.; Mortensen, P.B. & Bonde, J.P., (2005). Occupational risk of affective and stress-related disorders in the Danish workforce. Scand. J. Work., Environ. Health. 31 (5), 343– 351.

[48]. Yarnell, L. M.; Stafford, R. E.; Neff, K. D.; Reilly, E. D.; Knox, M. C., & Mullarkey, M. (2015). Meta-Analysis of Gender Differences in Self-Compassion. Self and Identity, 14(5), 499-

520. doi: 10.1080/15298868.2015.1029966

[49]. Yamaguchi, A.; Kim, M.-S., & Akutsu, S. (2014). The effects of self-construals, selfcriticism, and self-compassion on depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 68, 65–70.

[50]. Zhang, H.; Watson-Singleton, N.; Pollard, S.; Pittman, D.; Lamis, D.; Fischer, N.; Patterson, B. & Kaslow, N. (2017). Self-Criticism and Depressive Symptoms: Mediating Role of Self-Compassion. Omega- Journal of Death and Dying. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030222817729609

Downloads

Published

30.09.2020

How to Cite

Tanwar, K. C., & Garg, M. (2020). Study of Self-Compassion, Depression, Anxiety and Stress in male and female teachers in Government College of Delhi and Uttar Pradesh in India. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(7), 29-43. https://doi.org/10.61841/f0xmxk38