nowledge, Awareness and Practice of Breast Cancer Risk Factors and Breast Self-Examination with Clinical Examination and Fine Needle Aspiration of Suspicious Cases Among Educated Female in Tikrit City
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/k5tqen79Keywords:
breast cance, risk factors, breast self-examination (BSE), cytologyAbstract
Objective: to evaluate the knowledge, awareness and practice of breast cancer, risk factors, breast self- examination (BSE), and pick up of suspicious cases of breast masses with fine needle aspiration cytology among sample of educated population in Tikrit city/Iraq.
Method: a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study, a total of 335 participants were enrolled from the period of December 2018-March 2019 included 232 students, 69 schoolteachers, and 34 administrative staff, fine needle aspiration from 33 cases was performed.
Results: 80.3% had heard about BSE (74.9%) were aware that’s BSE is the method for early detection of breast cancer. 74.8%% know that is breast cancer is the commonest among women in Iraq. Only 43.9% of the participants knew the procedure of BSE, 27.8% knew the best time to perform it, and only 88 (26.3%) of participant females practiced BSE. The answers about risk factors were more accurately achieved by the teachers. Social media and internet were the major source of knowledge about BSE, followed by doctors (30.7%)Fibrocystic disease of the breast was detected as the commonest type of breast masses aspirated (23 cases).
Conclusion: satisfactory knowledge of educated female about breast cancer and breast self-examination, variable knowledge of various breast cancer risk factors along with inadequate practice of BSE as a method of early detection, serious need for medical health programs and actual activation of health care centers are very essential.
Downloads
References
1. J. Ferlay, M. Colombet, I. Soerjomataram, R. Siegel, L. Torre, A. Jemal, Global and regional estimates of the incidence and mortality for 38 cancers: GLOBOCAN 2018. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization (2018).
2. O. S Habib, L. A Hameed, N. A Ajeel, M.H. Al-Hawaz, Z.A. Al-Faddagh, G. N Nasr, A.H. Al-Sodani, A. A Khalaf, H. M Hasson, A.A. Abdul-Samad, Epidemiology of breast cancer among females in basrah, Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 17(S3) (2016) 191-195.
3. S. Saadat, Can we prevent breast cancer?, International journal of health sciences 2(2) (2008) 167.
4. W.H. Organization, WHO position paper on mammography screening, World Health Organization2014.
5. M.H. Forouzanfar, P. Liu, G.A. Roth, M. Ng, S. Biryukov, L. Marczak, L. Alexander, K. Estep, K.H. Abate, T.F. Akinyemiju, Global burden of hypertension and systolic blood pressure of at least 110 to 115 mm Hg, 1990-2015, Jama 317(2) (2017) 165-182.
6. W.H. Organization, Guidelines for the early detection and screening of breast cancer, 2006.
7. R.W. Burt, J.S. Barthel, K.B. Dunn, D.S. David, E. Drelichman, J.M. Ford, F.M. Giardiello, S.B. Gruber,
A.L. Halverson, S.R. Hamilton, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. Colorectal cancer screening, Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network: JNCCN 8(1) (2010) 8-61.
8. V. Cokkinides, J. Albano, A. Samuels, M. Ward, J. Thum, American cancer society: Cancer facts and figures, Atlanta: American Cancer Society (2005).
9. L. Brinton, R. Hoover, J. Fraumeni, Menopausal oestrogens and breast cancer risk: an expanded case- control study, British journal of cancer 54(5) (1986) 825-832.
10. A. Howell, A.S. Anderson, R.B. Clarke, S.W. Duffy, D.G. Evans, M. Garcia-Closas, A.J. Gescher, T.J. Key, J.M. Saxton, M.N. Harvie, Risk determination and prevention of breast cancer, Breast Cancer Research 16(5) (2014) 446.
11. H.-O. Adami, D.J. Hunter, D. Trichopoulos, Textbook of cancer epidemiology, Oxford University Press, USA2008.
12. D. Schottenfeld, J.F. Fraumeni Jr, Cancer epidemiology and prevention, Oxford University Press2006.
13. D. Saslow, D. Solomon, H.W. Lawson, M. Killackey, S.L. Kulasingam, J. Cain, F.A. Garcia, A.T. Moriarty, A.G. Waxman, D.C. Wilbur, American Cancer Society, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, and American Society for Clinical Pathology screening guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 62(3) (2012) 147-172.
14. S. Rasool, M. Iqbal, A. Siddiqui, R. Ahsan, S. Mukhtar, S. Naqvi, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice towards Breast Cancer and Breast Self-examination among Female Undergraduate Students in Karachi, Pakistan, Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research (2019) 1-11.
15. T.N. Hasan, S.A. Shah, M.R. Hassan, N. Safian, Z.I. Azhar, S.S. Syed Abdul Rahim, H.F. Ghazi, Poor knowledge and practice towards breast cancer among women in Baghdad City, Iraq, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 16(15) (2015) 6669-72.
16. S.A.M. Ali, Knowledge and practices of females about breast cancer and breast self examination in Al- Mansur Institute of Medical Technology/Baghdad/Iraq, Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science 23(3) (2012) 11-20.
17. لیلا .ج.ر, knowledge, Attitude and Practice Surrounding Breast Cancer and Screening in Female Teacher’s
.دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بیرجند Birjand, of
18. W. Millat, Knowledge of secondary-school female students on breast cancer and breast self-examination in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 6 (2-3), 338-344, 2000 (2000).
19. W.A. Sait, S.M. Al-Amoudi, D.A. Tawatai, H.S. Abduljabbar, The knowledge of breast cancer among young Saudi females, (2010).
20. H. Madanat, R.M. Merrill, Breast cancer risk-factor and screening awareness among women nurses and teachers in Amman, Jordan, Cancer Nursing 25(4) (2002) 276-282.
21. M. Haji‐Mahmoodi, A. Montazeri, S. Jarvandi, M. Ebrahimi, S. Haghighat, I. Harirchi, Breast Self‐ Examination: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Among Female Health Care Workers in Tehran, Iran, The breast journal 8(4) (2002) 222-225.
22. P. Parsa, M. Kandiah, Breast cancer knowledge, perception and breast self-examination practices among Iranian women, Int Med J 4(2) (2005) 17-24.
23. F. Ahmed, S. Mahmud, J. Hatcher, S.M. Khan, Breast cancer risk factor knowledge among nurses in teaching hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan: a cross-sectional study, BMC nursing 5(1) (2006) 6.
24. Ö. Karayurt, A. Dicle, A.T. Malak, Effects of peer and group education on knowledge, beliefs and breast self-examination practice among university students in Turkey, Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 39(1) (2009) 59-66.
25. S.H. Ewaid, A.M. Shanjar, R.H. Mahdi, Knowledge and practice of breast self-examination among sample of women in Shatra/Dhi-Qar/Iraq, Alexandria journal of medicine 54(4) (2018) 315-317.
26. N. Santhanakrishnan, S. Prabakaran, Z. Singh, Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding breast cancer and its screening methods among nursing staff working in a tertiary-care hospital located in South India, International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health 5(08) (2016) 1650.
27. N.A. Alharbi, M.S. Alshammari, B.M. Almutairi, G. Makboul, M.K. El-Shazly, Knowledge, awareness, and practices concerning breast cancer among Kuwaiti female school teachers, Alexandria Journal of Medicine 48(1) (2012) 75-82.
28. F.P. Nde, J.C.N. Assob, T.E. Kwenti, A.L. Njunda, T.R.G. Tainenbe, Knowledge, attitude and practice of breast self-examination among female undergraduate students in the University of Buea, BMC research notes 8(1) (2015) 43.
29. R. Latif, Knowledge and attitude of Saudi female students towards breast cancer: A cross-sectional study, Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences 9(4) (2014) 328-334.
30. A. Stachs, J. Stubert, T. Reimer, S. Hartmann, Benign Breast Disease in Women, Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 116(33-34) (2019) 565.
31. N.A. Ghani, Benign Breast Disorders–a Histiopathological Study in Tikrit City, Diyala Journal of Medicine 3(1) (2012) 27-35.
32. N. Alwan, Breast cancer: demographic characteristics and clinico-pathological presentation of patients in Iraq, (2010).
33. N. Al Alwan, DNA proliferative index as a marker in Iraqi aneuploid mammary carcinoma, (2000).
34. [34] B. Thomas David, G.D. Li, Randomized Trial of Breast Self-examination in Shanghai, Cancer 5 (1997) 355-364.
35. N.S. Bese, A. Munshi, A. Budrukkar, A. Elzawawy, C.A. Perez, B.H.G.I.R.T.F. Group, Breast radiation therapy guideline implementation in low‐and middle‐income countries, Cancer 113(S8) (2008) 2305-2314.
36. Yasar, Mustafa, and . 2019. The remember regeneration therapy method: An overview of new therapy protocol to approach diseases. Journal of Complementary Medicine Research, 10 (1), 68-
80. doi:10.5455/jcmr.20181229122909
37. Morgado, M., Rolo, S., MacEdo, A., Pereira, L., Castelo-Branco, M.Predictors of uncontrolled hypertension and antihypertensive medication nonadherence(2010) Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research, 1 (4), pp. 196-202. DOI: 10.4103/0975-3583.74263
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
