The knowledge economy is an essential pillar for increasing exports in Republic of Korea and Iraq: A comparative analysis for the period 2003- 2018
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/2w22g473Keywords:
knowledge Economy, Balance of Trade, Commercial Account, Republic of Korea, IraqAbstract
Mankind has witnessed economic patterns and various and multiple types of knowledge, innovation, renewal and development since the beginnings of the industrial revolution in Europe and England in particular and the gradual transformation from the traditional style to the pattern of knowledge economy. This pattern has become a reality and the concept imposes itself strongly to make its way in a changing world accelerated by innovations and knowledge renewal in all countries including developing, as it is an organization for contemporary aspects of life and societies. We have no choice but to respond quickly to its requirements to achieve comprehensive development and raise economic growth rates by increasing the volume of merchandise exports and demanding the implementation of a strategy to replace exports. This research comes to find out the reality of this economy in Iraq by comparing it with a pioneering experience from one of the global experiences of one of the countries that has taken great steps towards growth that is the Republic of Korean experience to stand shocked against numbers, data and indicators that were produced by the study. Nevertheless, Iraq possesses many of the possibilities of economic, physical, natural and human constituents to raise the knowledge economy indicators in Iraq in order to make it moving towards the growth economically, cognitively and socially for the purpose of achieving the sustainable human development goals and getting rid of the rentier, economic and social phenomena such as poverty, deprivation, ignorance, unemployment, corruption and others.
Downloads
References
Al-Hayali, A. F., (2010). "Determinants of Knowledge -Economy in the Gulf Cooperation Countries", Journal of Regional Studies, Issue No. (20), University of Mosul, Iraq, p. 150.
Al-Khatib, A. and K. Zaighan, (2009), "Knowledge Management and Information Systems", 1st ed., Modern Office World for Publishing and Distribution, Jordan, p. 15.
Al-Attiyah, M. D., (2011). "Knowledge Economy and its Role in Activating Human Resources Indicators in Iraq - An Analytical Evaluative Study", Al-Qadisiyah Journal, Volume (13), Issue No. (3), Al-Qadisiyah University, Qadisiyah, Iraq. Central Bank of Iraq, General Directorate of Statistics and Research, (2003 to 2018). Annual Bulletins, available at: (http://www.cbi.iq).
Economic and Social Committee for Western Asia (ESCWA), (2011). "Strengthening the information technology and communication sector to meet the challenges of the knowledge economy", United Nations, New York., USA, pp. 3-12.
Ismail, A. N., (2004). "Knowledge Economy from a Mathematical Perspective in the Arab Countries: A Case Study",
Saudi Economic Review, Issue No. (17), Saudi Arabia., p. 43.
Ministry of Planning, Central Organization for Standardization and Quality Control, (2107). Baghdad, Iraq, available at: (http //://www.cosqc.gove.iq).
Ministry of Planning, Central Statistics Organization, (2017). Baghdad, Iraq, available at: (http://www.cosit.gove.iq).
Organization for Economic Co-operation and development, OECD, (2008). Regeneration, growth and prosperity of innovation activity.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and development, OECD, (2013 and earlier years). "Main Science and Technology Indicators", OECD Science, Technology and R&D Statistic, (http://www.oecd.org/sti/msti.htm.)
Organization for Economic Co-operation and development, OECD, (2019) Main Science and Technology Indicators, Science, Technology and R&D Highlights in the February, http://www.oecd.org/sti/msti.htm.
Republic of Korea, (2016). "Public spending on education as a share of GDP", https://knoema.com/atlas/Republic-of- Korea/Education-expenditure.
Republic of Korea, (2019). "High-technology exports as a share of manufactured exports",https://knoema.com/atlas/Republic-of-Korea/topics/Research-and-Development/RandD-Expenditure/High- technology-exports-percent-of-manufactured-exports.
Rzaiq, K., (2009-2010). "The Arab Countries Orientation towards Knowledge Economy and Information Technology",
Arab Economic Research Magazine, Issue (48-49), Center for Arab Unity Studies, Beirut, Lebanon, pp. 143-144.
Salman, T. D., (2006). "The effect of oil revenues on the development of economy in Iraq", Journal of Babylon University, Pure and Applied Sciences, Volume (24), Issue No. (4).
Toltian, M., (2006). "Knowledge economy indicators and the position of women in their development", Arab Institute for Training and Statistical Research, Lebanon, p. 21-22.
World Bank, National Accounts Data Files, available at (https: datacatalog.worldbank.com).
World Bank, (2018). "World Development Indicators", available at: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world- development-indicators.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
